2019年高考英语一轮总复习 语法专项突破 考点精讲 第六节 非谓语动词.doc

2019年高考英语一轮总复习 语法专项突破 考点精讲 第六节 非谓语动词考点一非谓语动词的时态和语态主动形式被动形式动词不定式一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing动词ing形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词只有一种形式done考点二非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。(2)作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too.to.，only to等。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。(3)作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。Im very glad to hear the news.我非常高兴听到这个消息。(4)在“主语系动词形容词to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。The question is very difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答。2动词ing形式(现在分词)作状语(1)动词ing形式(现在分词)作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生的动作。Not knowing his address, I cant call on him.由于不知道他的地址，我无法拜访他。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.由于没有收到回信，他打算再写一封。(2)动词ing形式(现在分词)可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。The children came in, talking and laughing.孩子们进来时边说边笑。3过去分词作状语(1)过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。Inspired by his speech, we took action at once.在他演讲的鼓舞下，我们马上行动了起来。(2)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。After a days work, he returned home，exhausted. 工作了一天后，他回到家，疲惫不堪。4不定式与动词ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语的比较不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果；而动词ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经出站了。It rained heavily in the south，causing serious flooding in several provinces.南方下了大雨，造成了几个省严重的洪涝灾害。5动词ing形式(现在分词)与过去分词作状语的比较作状语时，是用动词ing形式(现在分词)还是过去分词，取决于该动词与主语之间的关系，若为意义上的主动关系，则用动词ing形式(现在分词)；若为动宾关系，则用过去分词。Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园更加美丽。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。考点三非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，一般要跟相应的介词。但是，如果不定式修饰的名词是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介词习惯省去。He has a lot of things to deal with.他有许多事情需要处理。(2)若名词前有序数词、最高级或no，all，only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。He is always the first to e to school.他总是第一个到校。(3)用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。I dont trust his promise to e for a call.我不相信他来访的诺言。2动词ing形式(现在分词)作定语动词ing形式(现在分词)作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作的主动和进行。The girl singing on the stage is his sister.在台上唱歌的那个女孩是他的妹妹。3过去分词作定语过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示动作的被动和完成。Have you read the novel written by Mo Yan?你看过莫言的那本小说吗？4to be done, being done与done作定语时的比较This is the problem to be discussed tomorrow.这是明天要讨论的问题。(表被动、将来)This is the problem being discussed now.这是现在正在讨论的问题。(表被动、进行)This is the problem discussed yesterday.这是昨天讨论过的问题。(表被动、完成)考点四非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1不定式作宾补(1)常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等，常构成结构tell sb.to do sth.(以tell为例)。The teacher encouraged us to write a position every week.老师鼓励我们每周写一篇作文。(2)感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补的不定式不带to，但变为被动语态，作主补的不定式需带to。常见的词有：一感觉：feel；二听：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作宾补的不定式符号to可有可无。I saw him go into the room just now.我刚才看见他走进了这个屋子。He was seen to go into the room just now.有人看见他刚才走进了这个屋子。(3)下列结构中用不定式作主补，例如be said/reported/believed/considered to等。Our football team is reported to have won the match.据报道，我们的足球队赢得了这场比赛。2动词ing形式(现在分词)作宾补动词ing形式(现在分词)作宾补时强调宾语发出的动作正在进行。常见带有这种复合宾语的动词有：六让：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at，see，watch；两听：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一发现：find；一感觉：feel等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人喊救命吗？3过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补时其动词形式与宾语发出的动作有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完成。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.在史密斯先生度假期间，他家被盗了。考点五非谓语动词作宾语1有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，常见的有agree，afford，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。We agreed to meet here, but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我们约好在此地见面，但她到现在还未露面。2有些动词或短语只能跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，常见的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(错过)，risk，suggest, be used to(习惯于)，cant stand(无法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。He got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这次面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。3有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，意义区别不大，但表示经常性的动作常用动词ing形式(动名词)，表示具体的动作常用不定式，常见的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。I like playing/to play football. 我喜欢踢足球。4有些动词或短语既可跟不定式又可跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但意义有着明显的区别，常见的有：forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)remember to do sth. 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)try to do sth. 尽力去做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事regret to do sth. 对即将做的事感到遗憾(未做)regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到后悔(已做)stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事(此处不定式作状语)stop doing sth. 停止做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事cant help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事That would mean wasting a lot of labor.那将意味着浪费很多劳动力。Really? I dont mean to waste any labor.真的吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。5动词need，want，require后跟doing作宾语时，主动形式表示被动含义，另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。The young trees need watering/to be watered. 这些小树需要浇水。6介词后一般跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前面有实义动词do则不带to，反之则带to。He had nothing to do but lie down and sleep.他无事可做，只好躺下睡觉。7动词如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等词后接不定式作宾语，宾语后跟形容词或名词作宾补，此时要用it作形式宾语。He found it hard to solve the problem.他发现很难解答这个难题。8某些动词跟动词ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但需跟不定式作宾补，常见的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。They dont allow smoking in the office.他们不允许在办公室吸烟。They dont allow him to smoke in the office.他们不允许他在办公室吸烟。考点六非谓语动词作主语和表语1不定式与动词ing形式(动名词)作主语和表语的区别不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动词ing形式(动名词)表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时常用it作形式主语而把不定式或动词ing形式(动名词)置后。Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。It is no use crying over split milk. 覆水难收。2过去分词与动词ing形式(现在分词)作表语的区别两者作表语时基本都是已经形容词化的动词ing形式(动名词)或过去分词，此时表示“令人的”用动词ing形式(现在分词)；表示“感到的”用过去分词。The boy was disappointing. His parents felt disappointed.这个孩子令人失望，他的父母感到很失望。考点七独立主格结构常考的独立主格结构的形式1(with)名词/代词不定式(表主动、将来)With so much work to do, I cant go swimming with you.有那么多工作要做，我不能和你一起去游泳。2(with)名词/代词动词ing形式(表主动、进行)With so many people looking at him, he felt very nervous.那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。3(with)名词/代词过去分词 (表被动、完成)The problem solved, the quality has been improved.问题解决了，质量也提高了。(对应学生用书第250页).用括号中所给词的适当形式填空1(xx重庆高考改编)The engine just wont start. Something seems_(go) wrong with it.【解析】seem后面接不定式形式而不接ing形式；由于“出故障”发生在谓语动词seems之前，所以应用不定式的完成时。【答案】to have gone2(xx新课标全国卷改编)The sunlight is white and blinding，_(throw) hardedged shadows on the ground.【解析】句意：阳光明亮刺眼，在地上投下轮廓分明的影子。所填部分在句中作伴随状语，且the sunlight与throw之间是主动关系，故用现在分词。【答案】throwing3(xx新课标全国卷改编)I got to the office earlier that day，_(catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.【解析】根据句意可知，赶上七点半的火车这件事发生在前，到达办公室发生在后，为了体现动作的先后，故使用分词的完成时；主句主语与catch之间是主动关系，所以用having caught。【答案】having caught4(xx山东高考改编)The room is empty except for a bookshelf _(stand) in one corner.【解析】句意：这个房间空荡荡的，只不过是角落里立着一个书架。根据except for可知，后面不能用谓语动词形式，且bookshelf与stand之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。故用standing。【答案】standing5(xx湖南高考改编)The sun began to rise in the sky，_(bathe) the mountain in golden light.【解析】bathe“沐浴，笼罩”，可作及物动词。“_the mountain in golden light”在题目中作状语。句意：太阳开始在空中升起，那座山沐浴在金色的阳光里。逻辑主语“the sun”与“bathe”之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式作状语。【答案】bathing6(xx北京高考改编)Volunteering gives you a chance_(change) lives, including your own.【解析】句意：做志愿者工作给你一个改变生活的机会，包括你自己的生活。名词chance后面通常用动词不定式作后置定语。【答案】to change7(xx湖南高考改编)_(stay) warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.【解析】“_ warm at night”在句子中作目的状语。句意：为了在晚上保持暖和，我填满了柴炉。然后把闹钟定时到半夜，这样我可以再填满炉子。故用不定式形式。【答案】To stay8(xx山东高考改编)I stopped the car _(take) a short break as I was feeling tired.【解析】句意：我感到累了，因此将车停了下来稍做休息。此处用不定式表示目的。【答案】to take9(xx陕西高考改编)Let those in need_(understand)that we will go all out to help them.【解析】句意：让那些需要援助的人们明白，我们将尽全力帮助他们。动词let后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，故填understand。【答案】understand10(xx四川高考改编)The airport_(plete)next year will help promote tourism in this area.【解析】句意：明年要竣工的飞机场将有助于促进这个地区的旅游业。现在分词作定语时，表进行；不定式作定语时，表将来；过去分词作定语时，表被动和完成。由空后的next year 可知应填to be pleted。【答案】to be pleted11(xx江苏高考改编)Lionel Messi，_(set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most talented football player in Europe.【解析】分析句子结构可知，该句的主句结构是非常完整的，缺少的成分只能是非谓语形式，主语Lionel Messi与set the record是主动关系，而且“创纪录”已经完成，所以用现在分词的完成式。【答案】having set12(xx新课标全国卷改编)They might just have a place _(leave) on the writing coursewhy dont you give it a try?【解析】句意：他们的写作课可能仅剩下一个空位了，你为什么不去试一试呢？分析句子结构可知所填部分在句中作宾语补足语，且place与leave之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。【答案】left13(xx天津高考改编)In some languages，100 words make up half of all words _(use) in daily conversations.【解析】分析句子结构知，“_ in daily conversations”作all words的定语。all words与use之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。句意：在有些语言里，100个词汇就占了日常会话所有词汇的一半。【答案】used14What moved us most was that some ordinary people volunteered to help those _ (catch) in the storm in Beijing.【解析】句意：最让我们感动的是，一些普通人主动帮助那些被困在北京那场暴风雨中的人。分析句子结构可知，“_ in the storm in Beijing”是分词短语作后置定语修饰those，且catch与those构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用catch的过去分词形式。【答案】caught15Changes _ (make) to the construction laws in Los Angeles have strengthened the citys buildings and highways，_(make)them more resistant to quakes.【解析】“made to the construction laws in Los Angeles”是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰changes，make与changes之间是逻辑上的动宾关系；后半句是ing分词短语作结果状语。【答案】made；making.语法填空根据短语的意思用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。We decide _1_(give)a gift to our school for her birthday before our graduation.We had a heated discussion about what gift _2_(give)We think we should do whatever we can _3_(help)our school.Some advise _4_(plant)trees on the _5_(e)Treeplanting day _6_(make)our campus more beautiful，while others hold the view that we ought _7_(introduce)the history of our school to friends，schoolmates or relatives.Besides，_8_(show)them around our school is a better way to make her better _9_(know)I feel _10_(honour)to study in a key university，thanks to the teachers in our school.We all feel proud of her.【答案】1to givedecide to do sth.“决定做某事”，为固定结构。2to give此处为不定式作后置定语，修饰gift，用主动形式表示被动。3to help此处为不定式作目的状语，构成“do what sb. can to do sth.”“尽某人所能去做某事”这一句式。4plantingadvise doing sth.“建议做某事”，为固定搭配。5ing此处为现在分词形式作前置定语，意为“即将到来的”。6to make此处为不定式作目的状语。7to introduce此处为ought to do sth.“应该做某事”，为固定结构。8showing此处为动名词作主语，且表示主动。9known此处her指的是“our school”，与作宾语补足语的know有在逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词形式。10honoured此处为过去分词作表语。