2019-2020年高考英语 语法知识汇总 第9章 动词时态与语态.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 语法知识汇总 第9章 动词时态与语态第一节考点归纳一、动词时态用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种动作形式成为动词的时态。英语中共有16种时态。时态的考查是历年高考热点，每年都有24道单选题，短文改错中也常考时态。xx年全国考试说明附录 语法项目表列了八项：1）一般现在时2）一般过去时3）一般将来时4）现在进行时5）过去进行时6）现在完成时7）过去完成时8）过去将来时。时态题主要考查者的8种时态的形式及用法，有时也靠查现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等其他几种时态。时态与每一种类型相结合，组成了英语动词的整个时态体系。现以write为例列表如下：一般式完成式进行式完成进行式现在Writewriteshavewrittenhasam is writingarehavebeen writinghas过去wrotehad writtenwas writingwerehad been writing将来shallwritewillshallhave writtenwillshallbe writingwillshallhave been writingwill过去将来should writewouldshouldhave writtenwouldshouldbe writingwouldshouldhave been writingwould（一）一般现在时一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。 He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard .他工作很努力Does he like sports? 他爱好运动吗？3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作 在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。 The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球赛将推迟。When they leave school, they will go to college.中学毕业后，他们去上大学。5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示运动的动词，如：go, e, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车。Ill e to see you before you go.你走之前我来看你。动词原形变第三人称单数的规则与发音规律同名词单数变复数大致相同，请认真观察。1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”在清辅音后发音为s，在浊辅音及元音后发音为 z。如： stopstops s ; makemakes s readreads z ; playplays z2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的，要先将“y”变为“i”，然后在加“es”读iz 如： flyflies z； carrycarries z studystudies z; worryworries3、以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的，在词尾加“es”，发音为iz 如： teachteaches iz; watchwatches iz4、以“o”结尾的动词，加“es”，读z 如： gogoes z dodoes z下面几个动词变为单数时，原词的元音部分的发音发生了较大的变化，请注意记忆。 如：1、do du:does dz2、say seisays sez以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词，如果尾音是s，z时，加“s”后字母“e”发音， 与所加“s”一起读做iz。 如： closecloses izbe动词包括：am， is， are。第三人称单数用 is；过去式为 was；复数用are，过去式为were.除上述规律外，还应注意下面三点：1. 动词 have ，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用 has； 动词 be 的第三人称单数形式是is。2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时，要用 doesnt + 动词原形，如：He goes to school at six in the morning. (变否定句) He doesnt go to school at six in the morning.3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时，要用助动词 does，如：She goes home at five every day. (对划线部分提问) When / What time does she go home every day?（二）一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。Tom didnt e to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课。We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了。2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。3、在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。4、表示虚拟语气这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比赛就会延期举行。（三）一般将来时1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。He will e to see you the day after tomorrow.后天他要来看你。We wont be free this afternoon.今天下午我们没空。2、一般将来时的其他表达法（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来 这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。 还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think Im going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)Look at the cloud. Its going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨) 这种结构表示“肯定、预测，注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示静态的动词连用。 He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。The voters arent going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。“be about to+动词原形”表将来（2）“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。（3）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。Theres to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你得交上试卷。（4）用现在进行时来表示将来现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如e , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂？He is not ing.他不来了。They are arriving tomorrow afternoon.他们明天下午到达。（5）一般现在时表示将来用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如e, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 oclock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。When does the show begin?展览什么时候开始？（四）现在进行时现在进行时由“助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”构成。它的用法如下：1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。Im doing my homework now. 我现在正在做作业。Its raining hard.天正在下雨。2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。He is writing a novel now.目前他在写一本小说。He is learning English at college.他在大学学英语。Im sleeping in the sofa because my parents have e for the weekend.我睡沙发是因为我父母来度周末。3、表示将来的动作表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, e, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is ing to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.他姐姐明天动身去香港。4、表达褒贬等感情色彩和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。（表责怪）She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）Theyre forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气 Im wondering if I may e a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。 Im hoping youll give us some suggestions.我很希望你给我们一些建议。（五）过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。用法如下：1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。It was raining at 6 oclock this morning.今早六点钟时正在下雨。I was living in my teachers house when I was in middle school.上中学时，我住在老师家里。注意：在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。2、用来描写故事发生的背景 在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock at the door.他刚要人睡，这时突然有人很响地敲门。3、代替过去将来时用于e, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他们想知道我们什么时候去上海。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走。4、表达褒贬等感情色彩过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想。He was forever plaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气-Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? -打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？ -Of course. What is it? -当然。什么事？ -I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. -我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表。 -What were you wanting?你要什么？ - I was hoping you would help me with the work.我希望你能帮我做这项工作。（六）现在完成时现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。现在完成时的用法如下：1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, bee, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not.yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。I have already posted the photoes.我已经把照片寄出了。I have just finished my work.我刚刚完成工作。2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。They have lived in Beijing since xx.他们自从xx年以来就住在北京。My brother has been ill for two days. 我弟弟病了两天了。注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, e, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has e to our school for 2 years.3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用。He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班。4、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。 Dont get off the bus before it has stopped.车未停稳请勿下车。5、用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that从句”中在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。6、 “It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时 This is the best film Ive ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感情色彩- Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利库珀是谁呀？- Havent you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。Now youve done it.你这下可闯祸了。When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套？8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。She has already e.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。So far , no man has travelled farther than the moon.至今尚未有人到过比月球更远的地方。（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等。It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，e，die，leave，arrive，begin， return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达他离开这儿已经3年了这一意思时，不能说 He has left here for three years. 而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here. （4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)（七）过去完成时过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。用法如下：1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁让门敞着的。5、用在 It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasnt in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。7、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely when, no sooner than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。（八）过去将来时过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。用法如下：1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。I thought they would e to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。2、表示过去的某种习惯行为He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would e to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。3、过去将来时的其它表达法（1）was/were going to表示过去的打算和意图He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）表示没有实现的打算和意图He was going to e last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算来的，但我家来了个不速之客。（2）was/were to+动词原形这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to bee the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。（3）was/were about to动词原形was/were about to动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。（4）表示位置转移的动词 (如go，e，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。I didnt know you were ing.我不知道你会来。（九）其他时态以上为考试大纲附录里要求的八种基本时态，新课标要求的除上述八种外还有：现在完成进行时和将来进行时等其他几种时态。高考中曾涉及到将来完成时和过去完成进行时，下列作简要介绍：1、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“助动词have/hasbeen+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：（1）现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 你好，特蕾西！你看上去很疲劳。-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.我很累。我刷了一整天房子。They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。（2）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时等的动作刚结束)She has been working all night long.她工作了一夜。（3）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停） Weve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。 I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。 （4）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较A. 现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（已完成）I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）B.当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时，现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景，并带有感色彩。Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .现在房子打扫好了，我们可以往里搬东西了。（强调打扫完了的结果）You look so tired. What have you been doing?你看起来很累，你干什么了？Ive been playing football.我踢足球了。（强调不久前踢球的情景）2、将来进行时将来进行时由“助动词shall/will+be+v-ing”构成，用法如下:（1）表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time tomorrow, at 4 oclock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。Ill be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。At this time tomorrow well be flying over the Atlantic. 明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。（2）表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。 We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你会见王先生吗？3、将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由“shall /will +have +v-ed”构成。用法如下：（1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。Before long, he will have forgotten all about it.不久他就会全忘记的。By the end of this month , well have studied 10 units.到这月末，我们将学完10单元。（2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。When they move here next month, well have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时，我们已住在该市五年了。By the end of this month we shall have been here for two years.到这个月底，我们就已经来这里两年了。（3）表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测 She will have arrived by now.她这是可能已经到了。 It is seven. He will have got up.现在7点，他可能已经起床了4、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“助动词had+ been+ v-ing”构成。（1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。（仍继续）She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。（不再继续）He had been studying English before entering the college.他在上大学之前一直在学英语。（2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）（十）确定时态的技巧1、从句子本身附带的时间状语来确定时态。时态与时间状语一般遵循以下几条原则：（1）句中若有every day, every Friday afternoon, twice a week, often, always, usually等类似的时间状语时，句子多用一般现在时。They usually_ TV in the evening. A. watch B. will watch C. are watching D. watchesMiss Gao _English on the radio every morning. A. had studied B. studies C. study答案：A B。（2）句中若有yesterday, last month, in xx, two years ago, before liberation等类似的时间状语时，句子多用一般过去时。I _her to bring my book to school yesterday. A. told B. tell C. am telling D. have toldMy sister _middle school half a year ago. A. will finish B. finishes C. finished答案：A C。（3）句中若有tomorrow, next week, when spring es, if we have time等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用一般将来时。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we_(visit)the Great Wall. There_(be)a film in our school tomorrow evening. 答案：shall(will)visit will be。（4）句中若有for two years, in the past ten years, since 1990, already, just, yet等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用现在完成时。Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years. A. was/studying B. will/study C. has/studied D. are/studyingThe two old men _each other since 1970. A. didnt see B. dont see C. havent seen D. wont see答案：C C。（5）句中若有at ten last night, the whole evening, this time yesterday, when he came in等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，10句子(或主句)多用过去进行时。They_(have)a meeting at ten yesterday morning. We_(talk)about the film when he came in. 答案：were having were talking。（6）句中若有by xx, by the end of last term, two weeks before, before he came here等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用过去完成时。By the end of the match, they_(kick)four goals. He_(learn)two thousand Chinese words before he came to the school. 答案：had kicked had learnt。（7）句中若有时间状语now或提示词 Look!, Listen!, Be quiet!, Hurry!等时，句子多用现在进行时。Be quiet! The child_. A. sleeps B. slept C. is sleepingLook!The children_kites over there. A. flew B. fly C. are flying Listen, please. Who_noises in the next room. A. is making B. makes C. making答案：C (2)C (3)A。2、从时态呼应规则来确定时态。Do you know where_now? A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he liveI_an old friend of mine when I_in the street yesterday afternoon? A. met/was walking B. was meeting/walked C. was meeting/was walking D. met/walkedShe says that she _to Beijing next week. A. has gone B. will go C. goes答案：A (2)A(3)B。二、动词的语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。xx年全国统一考试大纲语法项目表中列出的是对动词的被动语态考查，考查范围：1）一般现在时的被动语态2）一般过去时的被动语态3）一般将来时的被动语态4）现在进行时的被动语态5）现在完成时的被动语态6）带情态动词的被动语态。（一）被动语态构成被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词see为例列表如下：式时一般式进行式完成式现在时amis seenaream is being seen arehasbeen seen have过去时wasseenwerewasbeing seen werehad been seen将来时shallseenwillshallhave been seen will过去将来时shouldbe seenwould注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。（二）被动语态的适用范围1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。2、为了强调动作的承受者时 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.