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Mechanics技术性细节,系统工程徐金阳,Mechanics,Smallasweare,writingmechanicslikecapitalizationandpunctuationdifferentiatemeaningsandmarkthebasiclayoutofthewriting.,()Capitalization,Thefirstwordsofsentences,propernamesandkeywordsintitles.,1.ThebeginningofasentenceoradirectquotationsentenceSheisoneofmybestfriends.Hesaid,“MytriptoMountTaiwasinteresting.”,2.CommomwordsusedaspartsofpropernamesthePeoplesRepublicofChinaChildrensDay,3.WordsderivedfrompropernamesConfucianism,Darwinism,()Capitalization,Thefirstwordsofsentences,propernamesandkeywordsintitles.,4.ThefirstletterofdesignationsofrelativesbeforefamilynamesUncleGeorge,GrandmaLee,5.AlmostallabbreviationsUFO,VOA,NATO,USAExcepta.m.,p.m.,etc.,e.g.,i.e.,6.OntitlesofworksInterpretationsofRobertFrosts“FireandIce”ThePaininWearingHighHeelsDonot:articles(a,an,the);coordinatingconjunctions(and,but);prepositionsunlesstheybeginthetitleorcontainmorethanfourletters(until,after),Exercise1,1.Imaytravelnorth,butmyfamilywillremaininthesouth.,ImaytravelNorth,butmyfamilywillremainintheSouth.,2.Myunclewaslate.“whereisunclefred?”Iwondered.,Myunclewaslate.“WhereisUncleFred?”Iwondered.,Exercise2,1.InourHighSchool,thevice-PrincipalwasinchargeofDiscipline.,Inourhighschool,thevice-principalwasinchargeofdiscipline.,2.AgroupcalledProjectBigfootoffersathousand-dollarrewardtoanyonefindingtheSkull,Hair,orBonesofthelegendaryBigfoot.,AgroupcalledProjectBigfootoffersathousand-dollarrewardtoanyonefindingtheskull,hair,orbonesofthelegendaryBigfoot.,()Punctuation,Servetwomainfunctions:SeparationofsuccessiveunitstoclarifythesenseofaparagraphSpecificationoflanguagefunction,MostofthepunctuationmarksinEnglisharesimilartothoseinChinesewithonlyafewexceptions.,No:、,Italicsorunderline,1.Theperiod(.),Theperiodisusedattheendofaindicativesentenceoramildlyimperativesentencetoindicatetheendofanintegralsense.,Useaperiodwithabbreviations:Dr.EspinozaarrivedfromWashington,D.C.,at6p.m.DidyouenjoylivinginWashington,D.C.?Youprideyourselfonyourgoodhomecooking,1.Theperiod(.),2.Thecomma(,),1.Thecommaischieflyusedtoclarifythesenseofasentencebyseparatingequalitemssuchaswords,phrases,orclausesinaseries,andbysettingoffmodifiersorparentheticalwords,phrasesorclause.Theexerciseinstructortoldustoinhale,exhale,andrelax.(separatingequalitems)Thelecturewasgood,butfewpeoplewerepresent.(settingofftheclause),2.Nonrestrictiveclausesandphrasesaresetoffbycommas:TheFoundersBridge,whichspanstheConnecticutRiver,isfallingdown.Restrictiveclausesandphrasesarenotsetoffbycommas:Youngpeoplewhohavetakenpianolessonsenjoygoingtoconcerts.,2.Thecomma(,),3.Commassetoffparentheticalelements:Themachinesyouhavesuppliedus,Imgladtotellyou,workverywell.,2.Thecomma(,),maindatesAcommaisusedtoseparatethedayfromtheyeariftheorderismonth/day/year(March27,1993).Butnocommaisneedediftheorderisday/month/year(27March1993),2.Thecomma(,),5.Withnumbersof1000orover,commasorlittleblankspacesmaybeusedtoseparatedigitsbythousands.Fromrighttoleft,acommaisplacedaftereverythreenumerals.1,253,900690843201279,2.Thecomma(,),6.Acommaisusedtosetoffquotedelements.Luciasaid,”Peopleliveincitiesbutdreamofthecountryside.”Donotuseacommawhengivinganindirectquotation.Luciasaidthatpeopledreamofthecountryside,eventhoughtheyliveincities.,2.Thecomma(,),7.Acommacanbeusedtoavoidconfusion.Confusion:Formosttheyearisalreadyfinished.Clear:Formost,theyearisalreadyfinished.,2.Thecomma(,),3.Thesemicolon(;),Thesemicolonisusedbetweencoordinatephrasesclauseswhicharenotlinkedbyaconjunction(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so)butsometimesbylogicalconnectors(however,forinstance,nevertheless,etc.),Itsgettinglate;wedbettergohome.(betweenclause)Tensionroserapidlyduringyesterdaysmeeting;nevertheless,mostoftheCouncilmembersremainedcalm.(joinedbylogicalconnectors),3.Thesemicolon(;),4.Thecolon(:),(1)Thecolonisusedtointroduceaquotationorastatement.(2)Thecolonisusedtointroduceanexplanation,asummary,oranappositive.Hegavetworeasonsforhisfailureintheexamination:poorhealthandinsufficienttimeforpreparation.,(3)Thecolonisusedbetweenthehourandtheminutetoshowthetime,torecordthescoresofgames,toendthesalutationofabusinessletterandtheintroductoryremarkofaspeakertotheaudience.at11:30ChinabeatJapan3:2inthechampionships.DearMr.Johnson:Mr.Chairman,LadiesandGentlemen:,4.Thecolon(:),Donotuseacolonafterwordslikeincludingandsuchas.Wrong:Forbreakfastwehavethingssuchas:milk,bread,andfruit.Right:Forbreakfastwehavethingssuchasmilk,bread,andfruit.,4.Thecolon(:),5.Thequestionmark(?),1.Thequestionmarkisusedafteradirectquestion.Anindirectquestionispunctuatedinthesamewayasadeclarativesentence.Youatethatapple?2.Aquestionmarkwithinparenthesesindicatesthewritersuncertaintyaboutthecorrectnessoftheprecedingword,figure,ordate.Theauthorofthisnovelwasbornin1033(?)anddiedin1095.,6.Theexclamationmark(!),Anexclamationmarkisusedtoexpresssurprise,strongemotion,specialemphasis,excitement,orurgency.Whatagiftedviolinist!“Whataniceday,”shesaid.(mildinterjectionsandmildlyexclamatorysentences),7.Thequotationmarks(“”)(),Doublequotationmarks(“”)areusedtoquotetheexactwordsofawriterandtosetoffsometitles.Singlequotationmarks()areusedtoencloseaninternalquotationwithinaquotation.“Roy,themenareshoutinggetout,”shesaid.Firsthetalkedabout“NewCriticism”;thenhediscussed“postmodernism.”Heasked,”AreyousureMarywillcome?”Whatisthemeaningof“NewCriticism”?,8.Parentheses()andbrackets,(1)Encloselooselyrelatedadditionsforcommentorexplanation.Welookeddownfromagreatheight(themountainheights)toseethewholecity.(2)Enclosefigureswhichnumberitemsinaseries.Thisbookconsistsofthreeparts:(1)ancienthistory,(2)modernhistoryand(3)contemporaryhistory.(3)bracketsareusedtoreplaceparentheseswithinparentheses.Williamwroteaveryusefulbookforstudentslearningtowrite(TheElementsofStyleNewYork:Macmillan,1972),9.Thedash(),(1)Adashisusedtointroducesummaries,andtoindicateinterruptions,parentheticalremarksandquotations.Bob,Lily,Judynoneofthemknowwhereheis.Allhisbelongingsafewarticlesofclothingandafewbooksarehere.(2)Thedashindicatesabreakinthoughtorachangeintone,oraspeakersconfusionorhesitation.Atthebeginningoftheyear,hemademanyresolutionsonlytobeforgotteninafewdays.,10.Thehyphen(-),Hyphensareusedtojointwoormorewordstoformcompoundsortosplitawordsyllabicallyattheendofalinewhenthereisnotenoughspaceforthewholeword.brother-inlaw,thirty-year-oldwriter,11.Theapostrophe(),(1)Theapostropheisusedfortheformationofthepossessivecase.ChildrensDay(2)Theapostrophecanbeusedtomarktheomissionofoneormorethanoneletter.Im,hed,1980s,12.Theslash(/),(1)Theslashindicatesalternatives,representingthewordsor.Everybodyshouldtrytograsphis/herdestiny.(2)Whenfractionsarewritteninasentence,aslashisusedtoseparatethenumeratorfromthedenominator.Akilometeris31/50ofamile.,(3)Slashcanalsobeusedtoindicatelinedivisionsinpoemsquotedwithinatext:InthispoemKeatswrotethesefamouslines:“Beautyistruth,truthisbeauty,/thatisall/Yeknowonearth,andallyeneedtoknow.”,12.Theslash(/),()Manuscript,1.Margin(1)Writeonveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections.(2)Leaveamarginofabout2cmatthetopandthebottomofthepage,and1.5cmontherightandleftside.,(3)thefirstlineofeveryparagraghshouldbeindented(starafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters).,()Manuscript,2.HandwritingBesuretomakeyourcapitalsalittlebiggerandhigherthanyoursmallletters.Whenyouwanttocrossoutaword,dontusedbracketstoencloseit,butdrawathicklineacrossit.Whenyouwanttoaddaword,writeitabove,notbelow.,()Manuscript,3.GuidelinesUsestandard-sized8.5by11inchwhitepaper.Useonesideofthepaperonly.Ifhandwritingisanoption,useblueorblackink.Ifusingacomputerprintinblack,useastandard,legiblefont.Doublespacethelinesintheformattingmenuunderparagraph,donotusetheenterkeyunlessstartinganewparagraph.,()Manuscript,3.GuidelinesLeavea1.25inchmarginattheleftandright.Putyouname,coursetitle,thenameofyourteacher,andthedateintheupperleft-handcornerofthefirstpage.Centerthetitleofyouressaytwolinesbelowthedate.Donotunderlineorputquotationmarksaroundyourtitle.Leavea1inchmarginatthebottomofallpages.,()Manuscript,Thankyou!,
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