2019-2020年高考英语 语法知识汇总 第10章 非谓语动词.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 语法知识汇总 第10章 非谓语动词第一节 真题精析1._ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. 【05北京春考】A.To face B. Having facedC.FacedD. Facing2. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window.【04全国】 A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked3. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. 【04全国】A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. 【04全国】A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed5. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when_ at the meeting by my boss.【04全国】A. questioning B. having questioned C.questioned D. to be questioned6. Alice returned from the managers office,_ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. 【04全国】A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling7. The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 【04江苏】 A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked8. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining pany, _ as 3M.【04浙江卷】 A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known9. You were silly not _ you car. 【04湖南卷】 A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked10. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. 【04广东卷】A. Not pleting B. Not pleted C. Not having pleted D. Having not pleted11. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills ing. 【04广东卷】A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget12The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only_ the film stars had left. 【04福建卷】Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold13Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_ the exam. 【04福建卷】ApassBto passCpassedDpassing14I dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September. 【04辽宁卷】Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard15 by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. 【04辽宁卷】AAttracting BAttracted CTo be attracted DHaving attracted16. Dont leave the water while you brush your teeth. 【04天津卷】A. run B. running C. being run D. to run17. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents_. 【04重庆卷】A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry18. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _ TV. 【04上海卷】A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch19. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. 【04上海卷】A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused20. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. 【04上海卷】A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt21. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. 【04上海卷】A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded C. having recorded22. Having been attacked by terrorists, _.【04上海卷】A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists23.My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.【04北京】A.for me takingB. me takingC.for me to take D. me to take24._ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 【04北京】A.To waitB. Have waitedC.Having waited D. To have waited25.When flint _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.【04全国】 A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced26. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen. 【NMETxx】Asmoke Bsmoking Cto smoke Dsmoked27It is believed that if a book is , it will surely the reader . 【xx上海】Ainterested interest Binteresting be interested Cinterested be interesting Dinterestinginterest28The discovery of new evidence led to . 【xx上海】Athe thief having caught Bcatch the thief Cthe thief being caught Dthe thief to be caught29An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered clear warnings before firing any shots . 【xx上海】Ato issue Bbeing issued Cto have issued Dto be issued30.The teacher asked us _so much noise. 【xx北京】A. dont make B .not make C. not making D. not to make31._ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. 【xx北京】 A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given32. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it. 【NMETxx】 A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen33. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run panies are striving their products more petitive. 【xx上海】A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made34.Though _ money, his parents ,managed to send him to university. 【xx上海】 A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in35.Dont use words , expressions, or phrases only to people with specific knowledge. 【xx上海】A. being known B. having been knownC. to be known D. known36. to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. 【02上海】A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed37.- How do you deal with the disagreement between the pany and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. 【02北京】 A. to solving; making B. to solving, made C. to solve; making C. to solve, made38. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows_. 【NMETxx】 A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it39._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered【NMETxx】40. Ive worked with children before , so I know what _in my new job. 【NMETxx】Aexpected Bto expect Cto be expecting Dexpects41. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year.Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out【NMETxx】42. Robert is said_ abroad. but I dont know what country he studied in. 【NMETxx】A. to have studied B. to study Cto be studying Dto have been studying43.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make【NMETxx】44. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door_ Sorry to miss you；will call later. 【NMET2011】A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading45. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _by the hour. 【NMET2011】A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay46. European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make【NMET03】47. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 【NMET01】48. The Olympic Games, _in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing【NMET08】49. The patient was warnedoily food after the operation. 【NMET07】 A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating50. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 【NMET06】A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose51. Paul doesnt have to be made.He always works hard. 【NMET2011】A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning52. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. 【NMET05】 Well, now I regretthat.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done53. We agreedhere but so far she hasnt turned up yet. 【NMET1995】 A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met54. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers_ a bicycle. 【MET04】A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding55. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. 【MET04】A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play56. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. 【MET1994】A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added57. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 【MET1994】A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written58.I must apologize for _ ahead of time. 【MET1994】 Thats all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know【答案与解析】1. C该题考查非谓语动词的用法。Arnold与face是被动关系，此处faced with a difficult situation作状语，故选C。句意：面对困境，阿诺德决定向老板请教。2. A该题考查非谓语动词的用法。主语和look是主动关系，此处表示伴随。句意：鲍勃看着窗外说到：“这种天气我们不能出去。”3. D 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。据题意此处时表示目的故选不定式；herself 和hear的关系是被动关系，故选heard。句意：海伦不得不喊得比音乐声大，想让大家听到她说话。4. C该题考查非谓语动词的用法。此处是分词作定语，pictures和form的关系是主动关系，故选C，同时强调和谓语动作同时发生。句意：读书和看电视是两种不同的体验；（读书）是在大脑中形成图像，而不是在你眼前（看电视）。5. C 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。此处是连词“when+分词”作状语，主语I和question的关系是被动关系，故选择C。其实，by my boss这也是一个重要的启示。句意：说起这件事我很惭愧，但在会上老板问我时我撒谎了。6. D 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。句子主语Alice是tell动作的执行者，returned和tell动作几乎同时发生，因此选择telling。句意：爱丽丝从经理办公室回来，告诉我老板要立即见我。7. D 该题考查非谓语动词。关键词for twenty years，因此此处是强调work动作在is on the way back之前发生，故选现在分词的完成形式。句意：这位老人在国外工作20年后踏上了返回祖国的路。8. B 该题考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。Linda和know as 的关系是被动关系，故选B。句意：琳达在明尼苏达制造业矿业公司工作，都知道她是三老板。9. B 该题是考查非谓语动词的用法。不定式的完成形式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。因为没锁车才傻。句意：你太傻了怎么没锁车。10. C该题考查非谓语动词的用法。据题意此处强调 not plete的动作发生于stay之前，故选完成形式。Not放在分词前面。句意：节目未完成，他们不得不在这里再住两周。11. A该题考查动词形式的用法。better= had better后接动词原形。句意：如果你打算这周花钱玩，你最好别想了。你的一些大的账单要到。12B 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。关键词only。only+不定式表示未预料到的结果，此时tell和reporter是被动关系，故选B。句意：新闻记者们匆匆忙忙地赶到机场，却被告知电影明星在已离开。13D该题考查动词形式的用法。have a good/hard time doing sth为习惯用语。句意：病了近一个月了，他艰难地通过了考试。14D该题考查非谓语动词的形式。从句意分析强调hear的动作在know之前发生，you和hear的关系是主动关系，因此选择D。句意:我不知道你是否已经听说了，我今年九月要去美国学习。15B该题考查非谓语动词的作状语。主语the girl和Attract是被动关系，因此选择过去分词，表示被动与完成。句意：为大自然的美所吸引，这位伦敦姑娘决定在农场上再呆两天。16. B该题考查非谓语动词的用法。water和run的关系是主动关系，故选B。句意：你刷牙时不要让水一直流。 17. A该题考查非谓语动词的用法。parents和worry是被动关系，故选过去分词。句意：惩罚父母对他们的孩子违法行为的法律令父母们担忧。18. C 考查非谓语动词的用法。spend后面可以接some time/ money on something或者(in) doing something 做宾语。句意：根据美国最近的一次调查表明，孩子每周用高达25个小时看电视。19. C 考查非谓语动词的用法。“名词+ be+ believed （said,reported）+不定式”相当于“Its believed(said, reported) that”,可以看作一个句型。flu与cause之间是一种动宾关系，所以应该用动词不定式的被动形式，因此，C正确。句意：流感被认为是由在人类鼻腔和喉腔细胞内繁殖的病毒引起的。 20. B 考查非谓语动词的用法。非谓语动词形式在这里作定语修饰the flowers，smell作不及物动词，与flowers之间构成主谓关系，因此，B正确。句意：植物园内芳香四溢的花吸引游客们享受自然的美。21. A考查非谓语动词的用法。disc与record是被动关系。过去分词作定语表示过去与被动的含义，动词不定式作定语通常表示将来的含义，因此，A正确。句意：用数码技术录制的光盘在那晚的晚会上听起来很迷人。22. B 考查非谓语动词的用法。本题的关键是应该知道分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语相同，having been attacked的对象应该是the tall building，因此，B为正确答案。句意：受到恐怖分子攻击后，那座大楼倒塌了。23.D 该题考查不定式作宾语补足语的用法。encourage sb. to do sth.为习惯用语，意为：鼓励某人做某事。句意：我的导师鼓励我去上暑期班来提高写作技能。24.C 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。考查时间先后关系，wait的动作在realize之前发生故选现在分词的完成形式。句意：排队等了半小时后，汤姆突然意识到他把钱包落到家里了。25.B该题考查非谓语动词的用法。Introduce是及物动词，flint和introduce关系是被动关系，故选过去分词。句意：燧石投放市场，这种产品很成功。26. B该题考查非谓语动词作主语补足语的用法。在这里cook是smoke的动作执行者，故选现在分词作主语补足语。句意：如果发现厨师在厨房里抽烟，他会被立即解雇。27.D 考查interest一词的不同形式有不同的用法，interest作名词的意思是“兴趣、利益”，作动词意思是“使人感兴趣”，interested 表示的是“感兴趣”的心理状态，interesting 意思是“有趣的”表示特点或特性，因此D正确。28.C 考查动词短语与动名词的用法，lead to 导致，后接名词或动名词，the thief与catch之间形成一种动宾关系，因此动名词要用被动语态，正确答案为C。29.A 考查非谓语动词，order后应使用动词不定式，动词不定式里的动词issue与soldiers之间是一个动宾关系，所以用动词不定式的主动语态，并且issue的动作不会先于order发生，因此选择A。30.D 该题考查非谓语动词否定的用法。非谓语动词否定是用not来构成，ask后接不定式构成复合宾语，即ask sb to do sth 或者ask sb not to do sth，故选答案D。题意：老师叫我们不要大声喧哗。31.D 该题考查非谓语动词的用法。从四个选项一眼就能看出这是考查非谓语动词作状语的用法，在看一下句子主语为he，与give的关系是被动关系，故选答案D过去分词作状语，表示被动。题意：如果给他时间，他会成为一流的羽毛球运动员。32.B 该题考查动词不定式。后一句中的第一个it 是形式主语,其真正主语是whether they will enjoy it , 第二个it 是指上句中的 having a trip abroad .这对老夫妇是否enjoy having a trip abroad 还需要进一步查明，用将来时态的被动语态，即remains to be seen ，故答案为B。句意：对老两口来说出国旅游固然好，可是这还要看他们是否喜欢33. A 考查动词的非谓语动词。动词不定式座目的状语。strive一词的用法：strive to do sth或strive for sth意思为“努力做某事”。句意：为了在国际市场上取得更大的份额，许多国际公司正在努力使自己的产品具有竞争性。34.C 考查分词的用法。分词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when, while, after, if, though, unless, as if 等。35.D 考查分词作定语的用法，分词与其修饰的名词形成一种逻辑上的动宾关系，故选用过去分词，D为正确答案。36.C 考查动名词的用法。句子意思为“皮肤暴露的时间太久，将对皮肤有害。”expose与skin是一种动宾关系，所填入的成分在句中做主语，因此，应选用动名词的被动语态形式。C为正确答案。37.B该题考查非谓语动词。该题的关键词是key为名词意为：关键；要害，后接介词to+名词活动名词；另外，the demand后接分词短语作定语，demand是make动作的承受着，表被动，故选答案B。句意：-你怎样处理公司与顾客之间的不和？-处理这个问题的关键是满足顾客的要求。38. C 该题考查疑问词后加不定式短语的用法。do with 和 疑问词what 连用是习惯用语，do with 的宾语是上半句中的land in Australia, 即代词 it ，整个what to do with it 又 作know 宾语，故 C 项是正确的。句意：听说澳大利亚所需处理的土地，比政府所知的还要多。39. A该题考查动词的非谓语动词v-ing作时间状语形式。该题题干中有逗号，而且句子主语是分词动作的执行者，故应考虑不同的非谓语形式在表达意思上的差异，从而作出选择。该句的意思是“河流已经遭受如此严重的污染，现在要想清理也许太晚了”。后面句子的动作发生在前面动词 suffer行为之后，因此，所设空中应该选用表示“已经完成”状态的v-ing的完成体 Having suffered （选项 A）。另外，already 也起到提示与限制作用。40. B 该题考查疑问词后加不定式短语的用法。疑问词后加不定式短语可以作宾语与表语，该题关键词what。I dont know what to expect.句意：我以前和孩子一起工作过，所以我知道在新工作中期待什么。41. C该题考查过去分词作宾补的用法。过去分词carried out在句子中作see的宾语补足语。这个句子较复杂，但只要把句子结构还原，就一目了然。the plan在句子中是定语从句的先行词，在定语从句that they would like to see 中作宾语，所以还原后变成they would like to see the plan carried out的形式。因此可以很容易选出正确答案C。句意：经理们讨论了他们要在下一年实施的这个计划。42. A 该题考查动词不定式的用法。be said 后接动词不定式，从“what country he studied in ” 得知study abroad在said之前发生，所以用不定式的完成形式。句意：据说Robert已出国学习，但我不知他在哪个国家。43. B 该题考查两个并列动词不定式短语作表语的用法。句意：新技术的目的是使生活变得更简单而不是使之更复杂。to make life easier 和not to make life more difficult是并列的结构作表语。44. D 该题考查现在分词作后置定语的用法。从句子成分分析，前面有逗号分开，又没有连词连接， 故此处要用非谓语动词。message 是read动作的执行者故应当选现在分词。C项to read为不定式作状语，通常表示目的、结果或原因，用在此处不妥。上面写着一般用read和say这两个动词。句意：我回家时看到门上别着一个纸条上面写着：“很遗憾没有见到你，以后再来拜访。”45. C 该题考查过去分词作表语的用法。get在此相当于系动词后接过去分词作表语,还表示被动意义。get paid 意为：报酬。句意：大城市的妇女清洁工通常按小时计酬。46. A 该题考查现在分词作状语的用法。题意“踢欧式足球在80个国家盛行，这使它成为世界上最流行的体育运动”。 两部分有逗号又没有连词连接，应用非谓语动词作状语。空白处不能选谓语动词，故B两项不可取。C为过去分词表示被动，与题意不符，又因D项为不定式，不定式通常表示目的或出乎预料的结果不能作伴随状语。选项A为现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随状况。该句中的making 相当于which makes。47. B 该题考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。love doing 指一贯喜欢做某事；would/should love/ like to do sth. 虚拟语气句，用来陈述自己的愿望，表示“想要做某事”。因有last night 和work extra hours to finish a report.故使用would love to have gone来表示谓语动词的动作在加班之前发生。句意：昨晚我很想去晚会的，但为了完成报告不得不加班。48. C 该题考查过去分词作后置定语的用法。the Olympic Games与play之间为被动关系，故play作用被动形式，时间状语in 776 B. C.表示动作已经完成，故用过去分词短语作定语相当于非限制性定语从句。to be first played属于不定式被动式，它表示该动作在谓语动词之后发生，与时间状语in 776 B. C. 相矛盾。句意：公元前776年开始举行的奥林匹克运动会直到1912年才允许妇女参加。49. C 该题考查动词不定式作主补的用法。关键词是动词warn，warn意为：警告，用于warn sb to do sth 结构中，用于被动语态是以不定式作其主语补足语，不定式的否定式是not to do，所以本题答案为C。句意：病人被警告术后不能吃油腻的东西。50. C 该题考查分词短语作状语的用法。lose oneself ；be lost in thought是动词lose的一种 固定用法，意为“陷入沉思之中”。两部分有逗号又没有连词，应用非谓语动词作状语，以说明险些撞到汽车上的原因，根据过去分词表示被动的原则， be lost in thought 又是固定结构，故用过去分词lost。题意：他陷入了沉思，险些撞到他前面汽车上。51. B 该题考查动词不定式作宾补的用法。在英语中，使役动词make, let, have和感官动词see, hear, feel等后面的复合宾语中的不定式均不带to，但是改成被动句后，不定式前的to就不能省略，所以本题答案为B。句意：没必要强迫保罗学习，他总是很努力。52.D 该题考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。regret doing sth意为：后悔干了某事，表明动作已完 成；regret to do sth意为：为去干某事后悔，表明当时还未做。例如：I regret to say that you cant go with me.据第一句话得知raise objection at the meeting动作已完成,故选 动名词。句意：“你真勇敢在会上提出反对意见。”“噢，我现在真为此事儿后悔。”53. C 该题考查动词不定式作宾语的用法。该题的关键词是agree其后跟不定式作宾语。选项D虽 属不定式，但不定式的完成式表示动作已发生，与hasnt turned up yet 相矛盾，所以不能选D。只能跟不定式作宾语的动词还有：afford，ask，beg，choose，decide，determine，hope，offer，want，manage，plan，refuse，pretend，promise，wish等。agree作不及物动词还有下列结构：agree with sb/what one said同意某人的意见或者所说的话；agree to sth（plan ，opinion etc）同意某事（计划，观点等）；agree on/upon sth就某事达成共识。句意：我同意在这里碰面但她到现在还没露面。54.C 该题考查动词不定式的用法。prefer to do rather than do 为习惯用语，该题中的rather than提前表示强调，后接动词原形；prefer 后接to do。题意：他宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘坐拥挤的公共汽车。55. C 该题考查非谓语动词作宾补的区别。感官动词hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，feel等其后的宾补可以是现在分词也可以是不定式。现在分词表示动作正在进行，不定式表示动作已经完成。该题的关键是last seen，据此play的动作是当时正在发生的动作，故选C。题意：最后找到那个丢失的孩子时，他正在河边玩耍。56. C 该题考查现在分词作状语的用法。该题的关键在于有逗号分开，但没有连词，故选分词，且句子主语又是add动作的执行者，故选现在分词作伴随状语。句意：来访的总理表示对这次会谈满意，并补充说他在这儿过得很愉快。57. D 该题考查现在分词短语作定语的用法。textbook是write动作的承受者，又后面有in the 16th century过去时间状语，故用过去分词表示被动与完成。句意：为英语教学编写的第一套教科书出台于16世纪。58. B 本题考查动名词的否定式的用法。动名词的否定式，其否定词not应放在动名词之前构成，not doing。句意：“因事前没告诉你我必须向你道歉。”“没关系。”第二节 考点归纳非谓语动词就是在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词，这样的动词没有人称和数的变化。它包括动词的不定式、V-ing和V-ed三种形式。非谓语动词具有双重性质，它既有动词性质，又有非动词性质。具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，因此在句中除了不能作谓语外，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语、定语、状语。非谓语动词不能作谓语，因此不能借助于助动词或情态动词否定，但是它可以借助于not或never来实现对他的否定。非谓语动词不能作谓语，因此在语法上不能有主语，但由于它们表示的是动作，在意思上是可以有主语的，这个主语可称为逻辑主语（the Logical Subject）。逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间的主谓关系是我们选用非谓语动词的主动式还是被动式的依据，如果逻辑主语是动作的执行者，选用主动形式；如果是动作的承受者，则选用被动形式。一、动词不定式动词不定式(infinitive)是动词的一种非限定形式，即非谓语动词形式，它有两种形式：一种是“to + 动词原形”构成（to- infinitive）；另一种是不带to的不定式,即动词原形(bare- infinitive)。所有行为动词都有不定式形式，其否定式是在不定式前加not。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。（一）动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。 主动语态被动语态一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行式to have been writing1、不定式的时态意义不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的 （1）一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。They made plans to live in Paris. 他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在 made plans之后）（2）进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。He pretended to be listening to me carefully. 他假装认真地听我讲。注意：不定式的进行式常同may, might, can, could, must, need, ought to, should, will, would 等情态动词连用，表示“可能、应当或想必”正在进行的动作。You oughtnt to be talking so much. 你不应该说这么多。He might be reading a novel at that time. 那时他可能正在读小说。（3）不定式的完成时表达下列意义：A. 不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。（to have kept发生在I am sorry所表示的时间之前）She is said to have just pleted a novel. 据说她刚完成一部小说。（to have just pleted a novel发生在She is said所表示的时间之前）B. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后，不定式的完成式表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have + 过去分词表示动作， to have been表示状态。I meant to have done the work before Sunday. 我本想星期天前完成这项工作。（没完成）I was to have been a doctor. 我本打算当个医生。（没当成）I intended to have e to see you.我本打算来看你的。(但没来)C.用在seem, appear, thing, consider, believe等后，表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。I seem to have seen her somewhere before.以前我好像在那见过她。（see在seem之前发生）He was believed to have been a reporter.都认为他从前干过记者。D. 在should(would) like 或should(would)have like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。I should like to have gone with her.我多么愿意和她一起去。（但没去）I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想见到她读信时的表情。（但没看到）（4）不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。 He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。 He looked too young to have been publishing books for six years.他看上去很年轻，不像已经出版了6年书的人。（5） e + 不定式表示一个动作发生的过程 He will e to understand it in the end.他最终会懂得的。 Later he came to be a famous painter.后来他成了著名的画家。2、动词不定式的被动语态如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者不定式用主动式；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式用被动语态。The doctor remended the room to be aired. 医生建议让房间透透气。The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off. 周末的运动会被迫推迟。3、意义上被动形式上主动的不定式（1） 在“there be+主语