2019-2020年高考英语总复习 构词法知识讲解.doc

2019-2020年高考英语总复习 构词法知识讲解真题再现1. About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio(影棚)to take part in a crowd-scene. crowd-scene为复合词，是crowed（群众，人群）和scene（场面，现场）两个词的组合，意为“有很多群众的大场景”。2. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big movie-camera was wheeled into position.movie-camera为复合词，意为“电影摄影机”，是movie（电影）和camera（相机）词义的组合，意为“制作电影用的照相机”。3. The way it was filmed was quite unusual.学生最熟悉的film的词义是名词，意为“影片；电影；胶片”，而在文中用到的是动词含义，“把拍摄成电影、电视等”，属于词义转化，从名词转化为动词。4. Life became worse after breakfast. Mike wore Randys underwear on his head. Randy locked himself in the bathroom, while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants.underwear为复合词，意为“内衣”，是under（在下面）和wear（穿着；穿戴物）含义的组合。学生熟悉wet形容词词性，“湿的；下雨的”，在句中用作动词，意为“把弄湿”，为词义转化。5. I had enough savings to take a year off work, and I decided to try to satisfy a deep-down wish to write a novel.deep-down为复合词，意为“根深蒂固的，心底的”，是deep（深的）和down（下面，向下）含义的组合。6. It takes confidence to make a new start theres a dark period in-between where youre neither one thing nor the other.in-between为复合词，在句中意为“中间的”，是in和between含义的组合。7. .where I now have my own name on a contract（合同）of the publisher to be a published writer is unbelievably rewarding有回报的.unbelievably为派生词，是由believe加上前缀un-和后缀-able，并转化为副词而成，意为“难以置信地”。rewarding也是派生词，由reward加上后缀-ing构成形容词，意为“有回报的”。8. In my 14 years of teaching in a New York City public middle school, Ive taught kids with imprisoned parents, abusive parents, irresponsible parents;imprisoned为派生词，由prison加上前缀im-和后缀-ed构成的形容词，意为“被投入监禁的”；abusive为派生词，分别由abuse（滥用，恶习）加上后缀-ive构成，意为“骂人的；滥用的；虐待的”；irresponsible也是派生词，意为“不负责任的”。9. For the last seven years, I have worked as a reading enrichment teacher.enrichment为派生词，是rich加上前缀en-和后缀-ment构成，意为“丰富；改进；肥沃；浓缩”。10. I originally proposed this idea to my headmaster after learning that a former excellent student of mine had transferred out of a selective high school-one that often attracts the literary-minded children of Manhattans upper classesinto a less petitive setting.selective, petitive为派生词，分别意为“精心挑选的”、“竞争的”，都是由词根加上形容词后缀构成。literary-minded为复合形容词，意为“富有文学思维的”，是literary和minded词义相加而来。11. I thought additional “cultural capital” could help students like her develop better in high school, where they would unavoidably meet.unavoidably为派生词，由avoid（避免）加上前缀否定前缀un-以及后缀-able，再转化为副词形式构成，意为“不可避免地”。12. “ I grew up on a hundred-acre farm and had only cats 37 playmates,”.hundred-acre为复合形容词，意为“一百英亩的”；playmates为复合名词，意为“玩伴，游戏的伙伴”。知识讲解随着新课改的推进，大纲对学生的词汇量要求越来越高，熟练构词法的规律对于快速掌握大量单词有很大的帮助，在考卷中也出现了大量的复合词。近几年高考阅读理解中，用构词法知识（合成、转化、派生）的词呈上升趋势，特别派生词。大多数学生对于后缀比较熟悉，但是当前缀或者前后缀都有时，就感觉比较陌生，因而造成理解障碍。我们可以依靠构词法知识，通过生词的词形结构猜测词义。构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。合成法合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writing desk是动名词和名词形式的结构。合成名词 【高清课堂：构词法 链接点：合成法】名词+名词：air conditioner, alarm clock, bank account, bus stop, book case, credit card, generation gap, health center, sign language, telephone number, blood pressure, heart attack, pocket money, post office, table tennis形容词+名词：central park, higher education, musical instrument, natural resources, open air, civil rights, fast food, high school, human rights, natural history, remote control, yellow pages动词的-ing形式+名词：dining room, driving license, sleeping bag, swimming pool, washing machine, window-shopping, sightseeing, zebra crossing其他：by-product, looker-on, passer-by, pickpocket, breakthrough, go-between, forget-me-not, editor-in-chief, get-together合成形容词包含-ed 的：absent-minded, broken-hearted, good-tempered, home-made, cold-blooded, grey-haired, high-heeled, so-called, short-sighted, middle-aged包含-ing的：never-ending, record-breaking, good-looking, hard-working, mouth-watering形容词和名词的组合：front-page, one-way, second-hand, first-class, top-secret, brand-new, duty-free, world-famous其他：drive-in, see-through, outdoor, off-campus, all-out, all-round, face-to-face, ten-minute, well-off, two-year-old 合成副词形容词名词：sometimes, meanwhile，hotfoot（匆忙地）副词名词：oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead介词名词：alongside, beforehand名词形容词：skyhigh, stonestill,副词介词：nearby, upalong, 副词副词however尽管如此合成动词名词动词：overhear, underline，sleep-walk，moonwalk形容词动词：white-wash, safeguard副词动词overwhelm其它合成词合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything合成介词：outside, inside, throughout转化法把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。由于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主要有如下几种类型。名词转化为动词：boatgo boating, dustto dust the desk, filmto film this story, mailto mail the letter, shipto ship the goods, trainto train the students，nurseto nurse her husband形容词转化为动词：slowto slow down a little bit, dryto dry your hands, wrongto wrong sb, freeto free the slaves, narrowto narrow the street动词转化为名词：to actan act, to dressa good dress, to doubtwithout any doubt, to guide usa local guide, to smella terrible smell, to lovelove of ones country, to tastea good taste, to demanda demand for more equal rights形容词转化为名词：chemicaldangerous chemicals, dailyChina Daily, finala maths final, nativea native派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性，后缀往往改变词性。否定前缀: 表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。un +形容词：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, unfortable, unselfish, unusual, unmon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue 由un形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。un+副词：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckilyun动词：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack im形容词：impossible, impolitein形容词：incorrect, inplete, invisible, independentir形容词：irregularmis动词：misspell, misunderstand, mistakedis名词：dishonour, disease, disfortdis形容词：dishonest, discourageddis动词：disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, disfort, dismiss表示其他意义的前缀：常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。a-，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在之上、向、处于状态”：ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。fore-，表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, forelegin, il, im, ir表示“向内，在内”：inside, include, importinter-，表示“在间、相互”：internationalintro-，表示“在（向）内”：introduceout-，表示“向外”：outside, outlook, outdoors, outflowover-，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overe, overtime, overgrowpre-，表示“在前”：prefix, prepositionpro-，表示“在（向）前”：progress, programmesur-，表示“在上”：surface, surroundtrans-，表示“转移”：translateunder-，表示“在下”：underground, underlineup-，表示“向上”：upward, upset, upstairsbe-，表示“在，靠近”：before, behind, below, between, beyondex-，表示“向外，从出来”：exchange, exporttele-，表示“远”：telephone, television, telegram, telegraphfore-，表示“在前，预先”：foreword, foresight, foretellmid-，表示“中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-autumnpost-，表示“在后”：postwar, postlisteningre-，表示“重复”：review, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebuildextra-，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinaryover-，表示“超过”： overe, overeat, overpass super-，表示“极、超”：supermarket, superpower, superman, superpowerauto-，表示“自动”：automobile, autobiographymicro-，表示“微小”：microscope, Microsoft, microputerbi-，表示“数量”：biweekly, bicycle, bimonthlymini-，表示“小型”：minibus, miniskirt, mini-factory, mini-market表示共同、相等关系-（在b, m, p前），col-，con-，cor-（在g, l, r及其它辅音前）：pany, connect, correctco-：cooperate, coexist表示整个、完全关系over-：overall, overflow, overfall表示“离、离开”a-：arise, away, apart de-：depart, dewater, decolour变换词类作用的前缀en-em-：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower构成名词的后缀：常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。 differ不同于difference区别write写writer作家China中国Chinese中国人act表演actress女演员music音乐musician音乐家构成动词的后缀：常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。 widewiden加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯realrealize意识到organorganize组织sharpsharpen使变锋利构成形容词的后缀：常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的America美国American美国的China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish孩子气的snow雪snowy雪的构成副词的常用后缀: 有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝，向east东方eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。 six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十缩略法将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为缩略法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。截头：telephonephone；airplaneplane去尾：mathematicsmaths；examinationexam；kilogramkilo；laboratorylab；taxicabtaxi截头去尾：influenzaflu；refrigeratorfridge；prescriptionscript混合法英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。news broadcastnewscast新闻广播；television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fogsmog烟雾；photo and graphyphotography摄影，摄影术helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场首尾字母缩略法用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福Teach English as a Foreign LanguageTEFL作为外语的英语教学Teach English as a Second LanguageTESL作为第二语言的英语教学Graduate Record ExaminationGRE美国研究生入学考试