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名词性从句,（一）名词性从句的结构和功能名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构：以that引导的从句；以whether/if引导的从句，以特殊疑问词引导的从句；以what或wh-ever等连接代词引导的名词性关系从句。此外，asif/asthough也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表：,知识梳理,（二）名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词有：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。1.从属连词：that(本身无意义)，whether(是否)，if(是否)。只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分。2.连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,whatever,whoever等。它们除起连接作用外，还可在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。,3.连接副词：when(thetimewhen什么时候，何时)，where(theplacewhere什么地方，何地)，how(thewaythat/inwhich怎样，以方式，如何)，whythereasonwhy为什么)。它们除起连接作用，还在从句中作状语。,温馨提示what与that引导名词性从句的区别：1.what在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语和表语，意义上相当于thething(s)that，引导主语从句时，其谓语动词的单复数依句意而定。e.g.Whatthelecturersaidisveryvaluable.Wewonderwhathewilldonext.,2.that引导名词性从句不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义。引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，谓语动词用单数，引导宾语从句时，常被省略。e.g.Thatshewillrefusetheofferseemsunlikely.Ihavefound(that)alltheticketshavebeensoldout.Itisapitythatyoumissedsuchafinetalk.,（三）主语从句1.主语从句的基本用法1)that引导的主语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，that起连接作用，无词义，在从句中不作成分，一般不能省略。e.g.Thatweareinvitedtoaconcertthiseveningisgoodnewstous.Itisgoodnewstousthatweareinvitedtoaconcertthisevening.,2)whether引导的主语从句可放在句首，也可放在句尾；if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要it作形式主语。whether/if起连接作用，“是否”，在从句中不作成分。e.g.Whetherhewillgothereornotisnotclear.Itisdoubtfulwhether/iftheworkcanbecompleted.,3)wh类连接词引导的主语从句：wh类连接词包括wh类的连接代词(who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等)和连接副词(when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however等)。what,when和wh-ever类的词有时可不表疑问。wh类连接代词在句中既起连接作用，又可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。wh类连接副词在句中起连接作用，在从句中可充当时间、地点、原因、方式状语。,2.主语从句的单复数问题1)从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。e.g.Thathewillcomeandhelpusiscertain.Whowillgototheenergyconferenceisnotimportant.2)what引导的从句作主语，表示单数概念，谓语动词一般用单数形式；表示复数概念，则谓语动词常用复数。e.g.Whathesaidistrue.Whatheneedsarebooks.,（四）宾语从句1.宾语从句的基本用法：1)动词后接宾语从句的用法：e.g.Iknowthatheisfriendlyandhospitable.Gotostampsalesandbuywhateveryoucanafford.,温馨提示doubt,doubtful与sure后名词性从句连接词that,whether,if的选择。当doubt,doubtful用于肯定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if；当doubt,doubtful用于否定句或疑问句时，后面名词性从句的连接词用that。e.g.Idoubtwhether/ifheisathome.Wedontdoubtthattheycancompletethetaskaheadoftime.Itisdoubtfulwhetheritistrueornot.,当besure用于肯定句时，后面的宾语从句的连接词常用that；当besure用于否定句时，后面的宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if。e.g.Wearesurethatheisinnocent.Theoldmandidntseemtobesurewhether/ifhehadmetme.,2)介词及形容词后接宾语从句的用法：e.g.Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.Hewasinterestedinwhateverhesawthere.Heispleasedthathehaspassedatoughtest.,温馨提示一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导的宾语从句。e.g.Iamsurprisedatwhathesaid.介词后如果接that从句，要先加上it，再加that从句，即“介词itthat.”结构。e.g.Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.,介词except,but,besides及in后可接that从句。e.g.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheliveshere.常接宾语从句的形容词有sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied,sorry等。e.g.Imafraidhewontattendourwedding.,3)that引导的宾语从句：e.g.Wearegladthatsomanyoldfriendswillattendourteaparty.Theheadmastersaidthattheschoolreportshadbeensentoff.,温馨提示在suggest,demand,order,insist等动词之后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，“(should)动词原形”。e.g.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)setaboutdoingtheworkatonce.,4)whether/if引导的宾语从句：e.g.Illtrytofindoutwhether/ifthemachineisingoodcondition.温馨提示whether/if引导宾语从句表示“是否”的意思时，一般情况下可互换。if引导宾语从句时可以有否定式，而whether从句则没有。e.g.Idontcareifhedoesntcome.,5)特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句：由who,what,how,which,whose,where,why等词引导的宾语从句，可作动词、介词及形容词的宾语。e.g.Icantimaginehowhedidit.Weareworryingaboutwhatweshoulddonext.IwasntcertainwhosehouseIwasin.,温馨提示如果疑问词是介词的宾语，介词可位于从句句首或句末。e.g.Ididntknowinwhichbuildingtheylived.Ididntknowwhichbuildingtheylivedin.,2.宾语从句的时态1)主句为现在或将来时态主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。e.g.ShesaysthatsheworksfromMondaytoFriday.Iknowhedidnttellyouthathewouldcomethen.Hewilltellmewhathappenedtohimduringmyabsence.,2)主句为过去时态主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态。e.g.Hesaidtherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon.HeaskedmeifIwasreadingthebookRedandBlackwhenhecamein.,3)表示客观事实或真理如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何时态，从句都要用现在时态。e.g.Theteachersaidthattheworldismadeupofmatter.,（五）表语从句1.表语从句的基本用法1)基本结构：主语系动词表语从句，常用的系动词有be，seem，remain，look等。e.g.Myideaisthatyoushouldmakegooduseofyourtime.ItseemsthathehasbeentoAmerica.,2)asif/asthough引导的表语从句，系动词通常为look，seem，sound等，从句可以用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。e.g.Itlooksasifitis/weregoingtosnow.3)that和what引导的表语从句的区别：that引导表语从句时，起连接作用，没有实际意义，不作句子成分；what引导表语从句时，既充当连接代词，又作句子成分。e.g.Ourplanisthatwellgothereonceaweek.Thatswhathesaid.,4)由连接副词引导的表语从句：连接副词where，why，when等引导表语从句，分别在从句中作地点、原因、时间状语。e.g.Thatiswherethegreatwriterusedtolive.Thatiswhyhedidntpasstheexam.ThatwaswhenIwasthirty.,2表语从句需要注意的问题1)主语为名词reason，表语从句用that而不用why引导。e.g.Thereasonwhyhewasabsentfromthemeetingwasthathefellillsuddenly.Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddrunk.,2)引导表语从句时，用whether，不能用if。e.g.Thequestioniswhetherhehassignedthecontract.(不能用if)3)表语从句中的虚拟语气：如果主句的主语是名词idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等时，则表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，“(should)动词原形”。e.g.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)setoutatonce.Thedoctorsadviceisthatyou(should)restmoreanddrinkmore.,4)使用连接词时的注意事项：连接代词和连接副词一般都表疑问，但what,when和where等连接词有两种含义，一种表示疑问，一种表示陈述。表陈述时，相当于thethingthat,thetimewhen,theplacewhere,常意为“的人/事”、“的时间”、“的地点”等。e.g.Thisiswhereheoncelived.ThisiswhatIwanttoknow.Thatwaswhenhedidtheexperiment.,3.比较三个句式,（六）同位语从句在主从复合句中作同位语的从句，叫同位语从句。表示名词的内容，加以解释。同位语从句的基本用法：1.能接同位语从句的名词：fact,idea,news,promise,information,message,belief,doubt,hope,opinion,possibility,thought,wish,truth,question,problem,reply,answer,report,suggestion,advice,order,warning等等。,2.that引导的同位语从句e.g.WewereveryexcitedatthenewsthatourChineseathleteswonmanygoldmedals.Theproblemthattheycantgethereearlyishardtosolve.,温馨提示同位语从句通常由that引导，但根据接同位语的名词不同，也可由whether,when,who,how,what,why等引导。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thequestionwhowastoblamehasneverbeensettled.,（七）引导名词性从句只用whether不用if的情况1.引导主语从句置于句首时：e.g.Whetherhecanfinishtheworkontimeisnotclear.2.引导表语从句时：e.g.Theproblemiswhetherthemeetingwillbeheld.3.引导同位语从句时：e.g.Ihavenoideawhetherheiswillingtohelpus.,4.引导宾语从句前置时：e.g.WhethertheywilljoinintheWinterCampIdontcare.5.作介词宾语时：e.g.Wearentinterestedinwhetherhewillagreewithusornot.6.作动词discuss的宾语时：e.g.Wearenowdiscussingwhetherweshouldgroupthesethreecompanies.,7.其后接动词不定式时：e.g.Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?8.与ornot直接连用时，用whether，即whetherornot，如果分开时，两者都可以，即whether/if.ornot。e.g.Idontcarewhetherornothehasaholiday.Idontcarewhether/ifhehasaholidayornot.,（八）同位语从句与定语从句的区别1.同位语从句既“说明、修饰”先行词，又“等同”于先行词。定语从句“修饰、限制”先行词，由“关系词”替代先行词，在从句中充当成分。e.g.WearedelightedatthenewsthatwearegoingtospendoursummervacationinDalian.(同位语从句)NeitherofusshowedanyinterestinthenewsthatJohntoldusyesterday.(定语从句),2.that在从句中的作用同位语从句中that为连接词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，一般也不能省略；定语从句中的that为关系代词，在从句中充当句子成分，可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时常可省略。e.g.Thenews(that)hetoldmesurprisedme.(定语从句)Thenewsthathegaveinsurprisedme.(同位语从句),3.其他引导词的使用引导同位语从句的词除连接词that外，还可用whether，连接代词who，what及连接副词when,where,how,why等；引导定语从句的词除that外，还有关系代词who,whom,whose,which,as以及关系副词when,where,why。,（九）whever和“nomatterwh”whever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句，而nomatterwh只能引导让步状语从句。e.g.Whatever/NomatterwhatIsaid，hewouldntlistentome.(让步状语从句)Hewouldbelievewhatever/anythingthatIsaid.(宾语从句),名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用，主语、谓语的语序，双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括：,考点归纳,1.名词性从句的连接词。如：有词义的连接代词who,whose,whom,what,which;连接副词when,where,why,how;从属连词that,whether,if,asif;无词义的that在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。2.名词性从句的语序和时态。3.it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。如：,1)Itbe形容词that从句2)Itbe过去分词that从句3)Itbe名词that从句4)It不及物动词(appear,happen等)that从句4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气。如：1)Itis(was)essential(important,natural)that；2)Itis(was)suggested(demanded,wished,desired)that等。,5.what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。如：whatthethingthat/anythingthat；whattheplacethat；whatthetimethat；whatthepersonthat等。6.whoever,whatever,whichever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。重点考查连接词that,what的用法；特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句；wh-ever引导的名词性从句。,从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Thebestmomentforthefootballstarwas_hescoredthewinninggoal.A.whereB.whenC.howD.why,B,2.“Everytimeyoueatasweet,drinkgreentea.”Thisis_mymotherusedtotellme.A.whatB.howC.thatD.whether3.Somepeoplebelieve_hashappenedbeforeorishappeningnowwillrepeatitselfinthefuture.A.whateverB.wheneverC.whereverD.however,A,A,4.Itisdifficultforustoimagine_lifewaslikeforslavesintheancientworld.A.whereB.whatC.whichD.why5._thedelayedflightwilltakeoffdependsmuchontheweather.A.WhyB.WhenC.ThatD.What,B,B,6.Ithink_impressesmeabouthispaintingisthecoloursheuses.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.who7.Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbelief_youarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.A.howB.thatC.whichD.whether,B,A,8.Ihavenoidea_thecellphoneisntworking,socouldyoufixitforme?A.whatB.whyC.ifD.which9.Thelimitsofapersonsintelligence,generallyspeaking,arefixedatbirth,but_hereachestheselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.A.whereB.whetherC.thatD.why,B,B,10.Scientistsstudy_humanbrainsworktomakecomputers.A.whenB.howC.thatD.whether,B,热点考向1主语从句1.主要考点:1)that引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型:It+be+形容词+that从句It+be+名词(短语)+that从句It+be+过去分词(said/told/reported/decided等)+that从句It+特殊动词(seems/appears/happens/matters)+that从句,热点预测,2)what与that在引导主语从句时的区别:what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that引导从句,不充当成分。e.g.Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(what引导主语从句,作said的宾语)ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.(that引导主语从句,不作任何成分,但不可省略),3)主语从句若含有“是否”意义,其引导词只能用whether,不能用if。e.g.Whetherhewillbeabletocometomorrowremainsaquestion.2.突破技巧:1)掌握形式主语的句式及变化，根据句意选取合适连接词,除that在句子中没有意义,但不能省略外,其他连接词均在句中有意义。2)what,that,which,whether连接主语从句的区别。,热点考向2宾语从句1.主要考点:1)动词find,feel,think,consider,take(认为),make,believe,guess,suppose,assume等后面有宾语补足语时,且宾语是从句时,需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置。,2)宾语从句的语序为陈述语序;主句谓语动词用一般现在时,从句谓语动词可以用各种时态;主句谓语动词用一般过去时,从句需用过去的相应时态,但从句若表示客观真理、规律,用一般现在时。e.g.Hesaidthathehadbeentothespacestation.,3)由whether或if引导的宾语从句,要保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if在作“是否”讲时,一般可以换用,但在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if。引导的从句作介词宾语时。e.g.Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.,从句中有or或whetherornot连用时。e.g.Iwonderwhetherornothewillcome.TellmewhetherornotIshouldinviteNick.后接动词不定式时。e.g.Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?,2.突破技巧:1)把握句意,选取合适的连接词、时态、语序;2)注意whether与if的互换和区别。,热点考向3表语从句1.考查内容:1)表语从句常跟在这些系动词后,如be,look,remain,seem等。e.g.ThatisjustwhatIwant.2)除常用的连接代词、副词外,asif/though,because,why等也可以引导宾语从句。e.g.Itlooksasifitsgoingtorain.3)引导表语从句的that不能省略;if不能用于引导表语从句。e.g.Thereasonisthathegotuplate.,2.突破技巧:1)理解句意,把握语境,扣准连接词在句中的含义;2)掌握系动词后的表语从句辨析that,because,if,whether。,热点考向4同位语从句1.考查内容:1)同位语从句中的名词：在复合句中,同位语从句说明其前面名词的具体内容,同位语从句通常由that引导(that不能省略)。可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。,e.g.ThenewsthattheShenzhou-spaceshipsetoffsuccessfullyisexciting.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.,2)同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在限制性定语从句中,关系代词that充当主语或宾语,有实际意义,作宾语时,可省略。同位语从句中的that是连词,不充当句子成分,没有任何意义,但不可省略。e.g.Thenews(that)weheardontheradiowasnottrue.(定语从句)Thenewsthatourfootballteamwonthematchwasencouraging.(同位语从句),2.突破技巧:1)熟记同位语从句的常用名词;2)分析句子成分,防止句式变化;3)采取“意义法”区别同位语从句与定语从句。,巩固练习,I.用正确的连接词填空。1.Haveyoufinishedthebook?No,Ivereadupto_thewomancomesfrom.2.Beforegoingtothesupermarket,Imakealistof_wewillneedforthecomingweek.,where,what,3.Mysisterhas_ittakestobeadoctor.4.MrCurryrefusedtosay_hadorganizedthemeeting.However,everyoneknewitwasJim.5.Manyexpertsholdtheview_theworkersdevelopmentiswherethekeytobetterproductionlies.6.IpreferstayingathomealldayonSundays.Thats_Idontagree.Youshouldhaveamoreactivelife.,what,who,that,where,7.Jeremyshutthedoorheavilybehindhim.Nooneknew_hewassoangry.8.Wehaventdiscussedyet_wearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.Youcanputitinthesittingroom.9._somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplusbymanyothers.10.Itneveroccurredtome_Icouldhavethebooksenttome.,why,where,What,that,II.选用括号内合适的内容填空。1.Whatmakesyousoupset?_(That,Because)Ihavelostmycellphone.2.Imsomewhattiredofworkinghere.Ivebeenwondering_(if,why)Ishouldresign.3.Theteachershavebeentryingtodo_(whatever,however)ispossibletohelpthestudentswiththeirstudies.,That,if,whatever,4.Mybrotherhadnodoubt_(that,whether)hecouldpassthedrivingtest,ashehadpracticedsomuch.5.Dennyhasntrealized_(what,that)helpthereferencebookIgavehimcanbeoftohisstudies.6.Itisimportant_(when,that)weworkoutaplantoraiseenoughfundsfortheproject.,that,what,that,7.Inherletterwasherpromise_(that,what)shewouldbringmesomeforeignstampswhenshereturnedfromAmerica.8.Ihavenoidea_(where,how)Bobgotsuchalargesumofmoneyfrom.9.Idontexactlyknow_(how,whether)heiscomingthistime.Byair,ofcourse.,that,where,how,10._(How,That)hemanagedtofinishthejobisofnointeresttousall.Onthecontrary,inmyopinion,weshouldlearnfromthewaysherespondedtothechallenge.,How,
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