2019-2020年高考英语 语法知识汇总 第11章 助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气.doc

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2019-2020年高考英语 语法知识汇总 第11章 助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气1. I have lost one of my gloves. I _ it somewhere. 【05北京春】A.must dropB. must have droppedC.must be dropping D. must have been dropped2. You _ be tired - youve only been working for an hour. 【04全国】 A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not3. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _ report it to the police? 【04全国】A. should B. may C. will D. can4. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. 【04全国】A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving5.-Tom graduated from college at a very young age.-Oh, he _have been a very smart boy then. 【04全国】A.could B. should C. might D. must6. - I dont mind telling you what I know. - You . Im not asking you for it. 【04江苏】 A. mustnt B. may not C. cant D. neednt7. I _ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. 【04浙江卷】 A. should B. might C. would D. could8. - Excuse me, but I want to use your puter to type a report. - You _ have my puter if you dont take care of it. 【04湖南卷】 A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt9. No, Im afraid he isnt in. This is his secretary speaking. Can I help you? - _.【04广东卷】A. Oh, you will. B. Oh, thats a pity. C. I should think so.D. Well, I look forward to hearing from you.10Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. You_ her last week. 【04福建卷】Aought to tellBwould have toldCmust tellDshould have told11Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else such a beautiful palace. 【04辽宁卷】Acan you find Byou could find Cyou can find Dcould you find12Mum, Ive been studying English since 8 oclock. I go out and play with Tom for a while? No, Im afraid not. Besides, its raining outside now. 【04辽宁卷】ACant BWouldnt CMay not DWont13. Who is the girl standing over there? Well, if you know, her name is Mabel. 【04天津卷】A. may B. can C. must D. shall14. “The interest_ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. 【04重庆卷】A. may B. should C. must D. shall15. Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult supervision when in a public library. 【04上海卷】A. must B. may C. can D. need16. - Isnt that Anns husband over there? - No, it _ be him. Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. 【04全国】A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not17. A left luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. 【NMETxx】Ashould Bcan Cmust Dwill18How you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article ? 【xx上海】Acan Bmust Cneed Dmay 19. Is John ing by train? 【NMETxx】 He should, but he _not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may20.It has been announced that candidates_remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 【xx上海】A. can B. will C. may D. shall21.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. 【xx上海】A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall22.I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. 【NMETxx】 A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave23. - Are you ing to Jeffs party? 【NMETxx】 - Im not sure . I _go to the concert instead.Amust Bwould Cshould Dmight24. Will you stay for lunch? 【NMETxx】 Sorry, _. My brother is ing to see me.A. I mustnt B.I cant C. I neednt D.I wont25. -I stayed at a hotel while in New York. 【NMETxx】-Oh, did you? You_ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed26. -When can I e for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. - They _be ready by 12:00. 【NMETxx】 A. can B. should C. might D. need27. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out. 【NMET1997】 A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to28. Johnny, youplay with the knife, You _ hurt yourself. 【NMET1996】A. wont; cantB. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; mustD. cant; shouldnt29. You didnt let me drive. If wein turn, youso tired. 【NMET1996】A. drove, didnt get B. drove; wouldnt getC. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got30. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it. 【NMET1995】 A. breaks B. has broken C. were brokenD. had been broken31. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. -Ita fortable journey. 【NMET1995】A. cant be B. shouldnt be C. mustnt have been D. couldnt have been32. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack _be here at any moment. 【NMET1995】 A. must B. need C. should D. can33. Shall I tell John about it? 【MET1994】 No, you _ . Ive told him already.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. shouldnt34. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her. 【MET1994】 A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out35. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _ , she would have met my brother. 【MET1994】A. has e B. did e C. came D. had e【答案与解析】1. B该题考查情态动词的用法。根据I have lost one of my gloves.得知是对过去事实的肯定推测,所以用must have done。句意:我丢了一只手套,我肯定是在某处掉了。2. C该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。后面说才干了一个小时,因此是不可能累。表示可能性的否定句用cant。句意:你不可能累,你只干了一个小时。3. A 该题考查交际情景中情态动词的用法。should 在此表示责任或义务,意为:必须,应该。句意:我经常看见那座空房子里有灯光。你认为我该报告警察吗?4. A 该题考查交际情景中情态动词的用法。关键词he didnt show up,表明怀特先生该来而没来。选A. should have arrived表示该做但未做。句意:怀特先生应该8:30开会;但是他还没露面。5. B 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。第一句话:汤姆年龄很小就大学毕业。第二句话:啊,他肯定是个很聪明的孩子。根据第一句话得知第二句话是一个对过去事实的肯定的推测因此选择D. must。6D 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。该题的关键是Im not asking you for it.既然没问,就没必要说。因此选择D。句意:“我不介意告诉你我知道的一切。”“你没必要。我没问你这件事。” 7. A 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。根据but后面的句子“我不敢肯定本周日是否有时间”,说明前面是应该去,故选A。句意:我该去拜访特蕾西,但是我不敢肯定本周日我是否有时间。8.A 该题考查情态动词的用法。shall用于陈述句第二、三人称, 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等, 主语的行动受讲话者支配。句意:“对不起,我想用一下你的电脑打份报告。”“如果你不小心使用的话,你不得使用我的电脑。”9. C该题根据交际情景考查情态动词。should 用于第一人称时表示某种条件下会产生的结果,意为:该。句意:“不,恐怕他不在。我是他的秘书,你需要帮忙么?”“我想该这样。”10D该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。should/ought to have done表示该做而未做的事。句意:“我明天要告诉玛丽有关她的新工作的事。”“你应该上周告诉她。”11A该题根据交际情景考查倒装句的用法。Nowhere是否定副词放句首,要求主语谓语借助于助动词倒装。该题表示现在的时态,故选A。句意:可能你去过很多国家,但是你再也找不到如此美的地方。12A该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。据题意,此处是表示请求允许,故选A。句意:“妈妈,我从8点就学英语。我难道不能出去和汤姆玩一会吗?”“是的,恐怕不行。还有,现在外面正下雨呢。”13. C该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。据题意和说话者的不耐烦的语气得知应当选C. must表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦,意为:偏要 。句意:“站在那里的姑娘是谁?”“啊,如果你偏要知道,她名叫梅布尔。”14. D该题是根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。shall用于第三人称, 在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为:应, 必须。句意:法官宣布:“根据双方达成的协议,息金应当分成五份。”15. A 考查情态动词的用法。must“表示职责或义务上的要求”,意为:必须,应当。句意:“在那个国家,12岁以下的孩子在图书馆必须在成年人的监护之下。”16. A 该题是考查情态动词的用法。根据交际情景此处是表示可能性,用于否定句中一般用cant。句意:“难道那个安的丈夫不在那里?”“不,不可能是他。我肯定他不戴眼镜。”17. B 该题考查在特定语言环境中情态动词的用法。据题意:行李寄存处特别是在火车站短时间存放包的地方。该题中情态动词can表示许可,should意为:应该;must表示必须;will表示意愿。故选B。18.A 考查情态动词的用法,Can在此句中是用来表示某种不满的情绪,意思为“你怎么能够说”句意:如果你只读了这篇文章的一部分,你怎么能说你真正理解了整个故事呢?19. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。“He likes driving his car.”是题目的关键,由此可推知他有可能不乘坐火车,may表示可能,符合原句的上下文意思。20.D 考查情态动词的用法。shall用于二、三人称,要重读,不可缩写,表示意图、意志、允诺、命令或必然结果等。意为:必须,应,可。句意:据宣布,考生在收卷前必须坐在自己的座位上。21.B 考查虚拟语气,在宾语从句是一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句,其中主句叙述的是与现在事实相反的假设,从句则表示的是与过去事实相反的假设,因此B为正确答案。句意:如果我不在七岁的时候就迷恋上我们家乡的he Melinda Cox图书馆,我真不能想象我今天会做什么。22. B 该题考查与情态动词shouldnt have done的用法。shouldnt have done表示不该做而做了。从句意判断你不该一句话不说就走了,故选shouldnt have done结构。couldnt have left意为:不可能离开。题意:你真急死我了。你不该一句话也不说就离开家。23. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。应答语中的Im not sure. (我不能肯定),决定了下句不是很确定的推测,因此用might意思为:“可能,也许”。must (must+be/have等表示状态的动词)语气最强,意为“一定,想必,准是”。should接近ought to,意为:“应该会,想必会”,推断往往是对别人或别的事进行的。句意:“你来参加Jeff的聚会吗?”“我不敢肯定,我可能去参加音乐会。”24. B 该题考查情态动词的用法。据题意:“你留下来吃午饭好吗?”“对不起,我不能(留下来吃午饭),我兄弟要来看我。”该题的关键是:My brother is ing to see me.据此应用I cant 用来表示“不能”。mustnt 表示禁止,neednt 意思是没必要,wont将不,虽然用Will来提问,据题意不能用wont来回答。25. A该题考查情态动词不定式完成时的用法。情态动词不定式完成时表示对过去发生的事的 猜测和判断。对话双方一位说在纽约时住旅社,另一位听了颇感吃惊(Oh, did you?)说,“你本可住Barbara处”,而他没有住那儿,这要用“could+完成式不定式”来表示。句意:“我在纽约住在一家旅馆。”“是吗?你本可与巴巴拉住在一起的。”26. B 该题考查情态动词的用法,问句中顾客发出询问,问什么时候能取照片,明天要用。回答时A、B、C项似均可。但A项过于直白肯定,没留退路; C项作答案不妥,might表示可能性用于现在时,表示对所推断的事情把握不大,本句中若使用might, 会使顾客很失望。选B项should,表示大致的推测,既回答了顾客的询问,不失礼貌,又为照片有可能尚未洗好,为顾客到时取不到留下回旋的余地。用词经过仔细推敲体现了店主的精明。句意:“我什么时候能取照片?明天12点前要用。”“明天12点前应该能冲好。”27. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。句中连接词but表示转折,由此推理“大火虽然蔓延很快,大家还是逃了出来。”,空白处为was able to,在肯定句中当某人具有某种能力而又使用了这种能力成功地做了某事用was/were able to而不用could。句意:“虽然大火蔓延很快,使旅馆烧起来,但大家还是逃了出来”。28.B 该题考查情态动词的用法。第一个空格处填mustnt用于表达“制止”、“禁止”的口吻;第二个空格处用may表示“推测”,意思是“你可能会伤了自己”。句意:“杰克,你不许拿这刀子玩,那会伤着你。”29.D 该题考查与过去相反的虚假条件句的用法。从You didnt let me drive.可以看出是对过去的描述,根据与过去相反的虚假条件句结构,条件状语从句应用过去完成时态,主句中用 would/should/might/could have done的结构。故选D。句意:你没让我开车。如果我们轮流驾驶,你就不会感到这样疲劳了。30. C 该题考查由as if 引导的让步状语从句和被动语态的用法。由as if 引导的让步状语从句的谓语动词应用虚拟语气,与现在相反的情况用过去时态;与过去相反的情况用过去完成时态。第一句话用了一般现在时态,因此as if 引导的让步状语从句的谓语动词应用过去时态,pencil 是break动作的承受者应用被动语态。句意:当你把一支铅笔的部分放在玻璃杯中,看上去她似乎是折断的。31.D 该题考查情态动词的时态及其辨析。从第一句用了过去时态来判断,这是表示对过去事实的推测。“情态动词不定式完成式”用来表示对“过去已发生行为”的推测。在否定句中,用cant或couldnt have done,所以本题正确答案为D。句意:“车上本来已经有五人,但他们还是设法把我也带上.” “那次旅行不可能舒服”。32.C 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据关键词at any moment可判断此题情态动词应表示,“可能性、推测、推论”,惟should 可表示“推论”,译为“可能, 该”,所以选C。题意:“现在快要七点了,杰克随时会到。33.A 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据“Ive told him already”,所提供的信息来判断,没必要告诉约翰这件事了,应选neednt,neednt have done 表示没必要做而做了。句意: “咱们把这件事告诉John怎么样?” “你不必了。我已经把这件事告诉他了。”34. C 该题考查与情态动词should have done的用法。从句意判断本应给她写出来而没给她写,故用should have done结构。句意:我和萨丽说了怎样来这里,或许我应该给她写清楚。35. D 该题考查与过去相反的虚假条件句的用法。从I didnt see your sister可以看出是对过去的描述,根据与过去相反的虚假条件句结构,应用过去完成时态。句意:我在会上没看见你姐姐。如果她来了,他会见到我弟弟的。第二节 考点归纳不同的时态(一般式、进形式、完成式、将来式),不同的语态(主动、被动),不同的语气(祈使、陈述、虚拟),不同的结构(肯定、否定、疑问),以及说话者本身的态度或刊发(命令、请求、愿望、可能等),所有这些都要借助于助动词和情态动词表达出来。助动词一般没有词意,不能单独作谓语动词,除非省略句中。他们只参加时态、语态、语气或否定、疑问结构。情态动词有词义,可以用来表示说话者的语气和态度。主要的助动词和情态动词如下表:助动词情态动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)can, could, be able tohave(has, had , having)may mightshall, will(should, would)shall, should, (ought to)will, would do (does, did)dare, need, must一、助动词助动词的主要用法助动词一般没有词意,不能单独作谓语动词。其作用在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定、疑问等。(一)助动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)的用法1、 be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴?2、be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work. 有人要他干这件工作。3、be 后跟不定式作谓语,有如下几种情况:表示计划、安排将要发生的事;表示指示、命令,否定式表禁止;表示义务、责任等,同should;用来表示命运或注定等。Im to have supper with John this afternoon. 今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。You are not to enter the room without permission. 未经允许你不能进入房间。What is to be done?该干什么。He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。(二)助动词have(has, had, having)的用法1、助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a doctor for 10 years. 他当医生十年了。2、和不定式构成谓语,表示客观上不得不做的事情。-Do we missed the train?我们得立刻工作吗?-No. We dont have to. 不,不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法(1)构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。(2)用于肯定句中加强语气,意为:真的、确实、务必。He did tell that. 他的确告诉了此事。Do e and see us. 一定来看我们。(3)代替前面刚出现的动词,避免重复。-You like popular music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐,是吧?-Yes , I do. 是的,我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does. 他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。(4)用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to my words. 他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English. 只是那时,我才了解到英语的重要。(5)构成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless. 不要那么粗心。Dont you do that again.以后不要再做那样的事。4、shall(should)和will(would) 的用法(1)shall(should)用于第一人称的将来时中,单纯表示将来I shall think it over. 我要好好考虑一下。I rang up to tell her that I should leave for London. 我打电话告诉她我要去伦敦。(2)will只用于第二、第三人称的将来时态中You will have an English test tomorrow. 明天你有英语小测验。He wanted to know when you would finish the writing. 他想知道你何时完成写作。二、情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能、应当、必要”等等,但本身意义不完全,不能单独作谓语,必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。除ought, used, have后跟不定式外,其他情态动词一律跟动词原形。情态动词主要有:can/could, may/might, must, ought to, used to, need, dare, shall/should, will/would, have to等。(一)情态动词的特征(1)没有人称和数的变化。(2)大部分情态动词有过去式:(3)少部分情态动词没过去式或者说过去式与原形相,used to 只有过去式形式。(4)大多数情态动词后面还可跟动词的进行时、完成时和被动式形式:(二)情态动词表示可能与推测情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式must必定、必然/will很可能、大概不会、不该会吗?would可能性比will小语气比wont弱语气比will弱should确定或可能有的或期待/ought to总应该、理应(含义同should)/can/不可能有可能吗?could可以的可能不可能语气比can弱may或许、也许、也未可知、也说不定可能不/might比may弱比may not弱/教你巧学巧记:巧记表“推测”的情态动词用法 表“推测”时,情态动词可用can,could,may,might,must。must表“一定”,只用于肯定句,其否定形式要用cant;may(might)表“或许”,可能性较小,不用于疑问句;can表“可能”,不用于肯定句。为方便记忆,可用一句话来记忆,即:肯(can)不肯?妹(may)不问,妈妈(must)肯定不否问。“肯(can)不肯”即can不用于肯定句;“妹(may)不问” 即may不用于疑问句;“妈妈(must)肯定不否问” 即must只用于肯定句,而不用于否定句和疑问句中。(三)“情态动词+have done”用法一览表情态动词+have done用法例句must have done表示对过去动作的肯定推测,意为:可能、一定,用于肯定的陈述句中。I have not seen him for quite a long time. He must have been very busy.我很久没见他了,他一定很忙。can have done用于对过去动作的推测,表示可能,常用于否定句和疑问句She cant have gone to work. Its Sunday.她不可能去上班,今天是星期日。 She is two hours late. What can have happened?她已经晚了两个小时,可能会发生什么事情呢?could have done表示对过去动作的推测,否定句和疑问句,作用和can have done相同,但表达的可能性较小或说话人更加不肯定。用于肯定句中,表示过去没有实现的可能性,表示遗憾,意为:“本来可以”You could have e here a little earlier.你本来可以早一点到这里来的。You could have used my car. I didnt use it all the morning.你该用我的车,我一早晨没用。may have done may have done用于对过去动作的推测,表示 或许;可能,多用于肯定句和否定句。She is late. She may have missed the bus.她迟到了,她可能没赶上车。might have done 表示程度上比may更小的可能性。可以用于疑问句中。也可以表示“本应该做某事”含有轻微的责备语气。 He might have arrived home by now. Lets ring him up again.现在他可能已经到家了,我们再给他打一次电话吧。You might have been more careful.你本来可以多加小心的。should have done 肯定形式表示过去应该做的事而没有做,其否定形式表示 过去不该做的事却做了,含有批评的意思。I shouldnt have ordered the equipment without asking you first.我不该预先不请示你就订购了设备。ought to have done肯定形式表示过去应该做的事而没有做,其否定形式表示 过去不该做的事却做了,含有批评的意思。You ought to have paid more attention to your lessons.你本应该多注意自己的功课的。She ought not to have kept us waiting so long.她不应该让我们等那么长时间。neednt have done表示 本来不必做的事却做了 You neednt have told that to him.你本来没有必要把那事告诉他。(实际却告诉了)had better have done用于时候的建议,含轻微责备的口气,意为:当时最好做了某事,其否定式表达意义相反I would rather have started earlier. Youd better not have scold her.would rather have done表示“当时宁愿做了某事” 其否定式表达意义相反I would rather have taken her advice.(三)情态动词表示某一特定的语气1、can用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句中,表惊异怀疑、不相信等态度。Where can they be now?他们现在能在哪儿呢?What can he mean?他会是什么意思? 2、must表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦,意为:偏要。 Why must it rain on Sunday? 偏要在星期天下雨, 讨厌! 3、may表祝愿(不能用might)。May all our dreams e true.愿我们梦想成真。May that day e soon. 愿这一天早日到来。 4、should与why, who, how 等连用, 表示说话人对某事不理解、感到意外、惊异等意思,意为:竟会。 Why should you be so late today?你今天怎么来的这么晚? I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不明白你凭什么认为这件事使我干的。(四)情态动词表示委婉地语气1、can和could表比较委婉客气地提出请求。这时could和can没有时间上的差别,只不过用could比用can显得更加委婉客气。-Could /Might I borrow your dictionary? 我把字典借给我可以吗?-Yes, of course you can/may. 当然可以。 No, Im afraid not.注意:回答允许时肯定的回答用can,不能用could/might。2、may和might表示许可或征询对方许可。May I watch TV after supper?晚饭后我可以看电视吗?He said that I might use the telephone.他说我可以用电话。注意:征询许可时,might比may更恭敬有礼。may的否定形式为may not,但表示“不可以”、“阻止”等意思时常用must not(musnt)代替may not。3、should用于使一个直接或直率的陈述变得婉转、谦逊,意为:可, 倒。I should think he would like to go.我倒是认为他愿意去I should hardly think so.我倒并不那样想。You are mistaken, I should think so.要我说,你是搞错了。(五)情态动词的基本用法1、can和could表能力 (1)意为“能够会”,表示体力或脑力等方面的能力Can you ride a bike?你能骑自行车吗?I could run faster then. 我那时能跑得更快一些。(2)当can和could表示能力时,有时可以用be able to替换,could表过去,can表现在,有时也可表将来,但不能与will, shall等助动词连用;be able to可以用于将来、完成等时态。With his help, we shall be able to build the house.在他的帮助下,我们将能够建造房屋了。(3)当我们要强调过去确实使用了某种能力时,要用was(were)able to,而不用could。was able to 表示“设法干成某事”,即succeed in doing sth.或manage to do sth.而could只表示“具备某种能力”。He is such a good swimmer that he was able to save the two boys from drowning the other day.他是一位游泳健将,因此前些日子他救上了两名溺水男孩。2、must和have to (1)must表示“必须”,“应该”。否定式must not(mustnt)表示“不应该”,“不许可”,“不准”,“禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时,否定式常用need not(neednt)或dont have to 表示“不必”,而不用must not (mustnt)。The work must be finished as soon as possible.这件工作必须尽快完成。You mustnt speak like that. 你不能那样说话。(2)have to表示“必须”,“不得不”,在这个意义上与must与很接近,但must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to 表示的却是客观需要。have to 有更多的时态形式:现在时,过去时,将来时等,而must只有现在时形式。have to 不能代替表推测的must,但在虚拟条件句中用had had to+动词原形表示与过去相反的情况。I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观需要)I must go now. 我必须走。(主观看法)I shall have to go to school tomorrow. 明天我得去上学了。You must be joking.你一定是在开玩笑。(不能用have to)3、shall(1)用在疑问句中,用来征求对方意见或请求指示或向对方提出建议,用于第一、三人称。 Shall we start the meeting now?我们现在开会好吗?Shall those books be sent over to you at once?那些书立即给你送过来吗?(2)用于第二、三人称,表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心、许诺等, 主语的行动受讲话者支配。意为:必须, 应, 可He shall suffer for this. He shall pay you what he owes you. 他必将自食其果,他欠的债一定得还。(威胁)He shall have a bicycle for his birthday.他可以得到一架自行车作为生日礼物。(3)在问句中, 征 询对方对于主语行动的意见(提供帮助, 提出建议、要求给予指示和征求意见), 主要用于第一、三人称。意为: 好吗? 要不要? Shall I carry your bag ?我帮你拿手提包, 好吗?Shall he e to see you ? 要不要他来看你?(4)用于第三人称, 在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定。意为:应, 必须No reader shall remove a book from the library without consent of the librarian.非经管理员同意, 读者不准把书带出图书馆。4、should(1)表“劝告、建议”时,可译成“应该”,这时可用ought to替换。You should keep your promise.你应该遵守诺言。(2)表示委婉陈述自己的意见。I should think you are right. 我想你是对的。I should advise you not to go now. 我劝你现在别走。(3)表示惊异赞叹、忧虑、惋惜、欢欣、不满等情绪。Why should you think so?你为何这样想呢?(不满)Its strange that it should be so hot today. 很怪,今天怎么这么热。(惊奇)(4)表推测 意为“可能,该”,表示对现在情况、将来情况的某推测。They should be home by now. 他们现在应当到家了。The book you need should be in our library. 你需要的那本书我们图书馆应该有。5、ought to(1)ought没有人称或时态的变化,后跟带to的不定式。常译作“应该”,“应当”等,和should同义,只是口气稍重一些。其否定式为ought not to (oughtnt to ),疑问式为Ought I /you to?You ought to start at once你应该立刻出发。(2)表示没有履行过去的义务时,用“ought to +完成时。You ought to have told me about this earlier. (But you didnt)你本来应该早一点把此事告诉我。(但没有)6、used to used to只有一种存在形式,一般过去式。具体用法如下:(1)在肯定句中,表示现在己经不再发生,不复存在的过去的行为和存在的状态。He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. 他过去每天抽20支烟。There used to be a building ther(5) 那里曾经有座大楼。(2)在疑问句、否定句或强调句中,可以有两种形式:Used you to go to work by bike?Did you use to go to work by bike?你过去常骑车上班吗?He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. John used to be very fat, didnt he/usednt he?约翰曾经很胖,是吗。Used you to live in Shanghai?你过去曾住在上海?Yes, I did/ I used to. 是的。(3)used to 与would的区别:情态动词used to 和would都可以表示过去的习惯性动作,但有下列不同点:(1) used to 表示确定的过去时间,不需与确定的过去时间连用,而would一般与时间状语连用。used to 含有与现在相比较的意思,而would没有。He used to get up early. 他过去常常早起。(现在不早起了)The old man would go to the park every day to have morning exercises. 那位老人以前每天都去公园晨练。(没有与现在相比较的意思)(2)used to 指过去反复发生或持续发生的动作,而would仅指地去反复发生的动作,不指持续发生的动作;另外,used to 即既表动作还表状态,而would只表动作不表状态,因此下列句中的used to 不能用would代替。People used to think that the earth was flat. 人们过去认为地球是平的。She used to be very nervous in the exam. 她以前考试常常很紧张。(3)used to 表客观事实,would则表示一种意愿。When he lived by the sea, he used to suffer diseases. 他住在海边时,经常有病。(used to 不能换成would)There used to be a small village here.这里曾经有一个小村庄。7、daredare作情态动词表示“敢”,主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句,无词形变化,单数第三人称不加-s。(1)通常用于否定句和疑问句,其用法同其他情态动词。She darent even look out. 她甚至不敢向外看。Dare you go to school by yourself?你敢独自一人去上学吗?How dare you say I am unfair?你怎么敢说我不公平!I dare not sleep in that room again.我再也不敢睡在那房间了。(2)dare在句子含有否定意义或疑问意义时;在简略答语中;状语从句中。也用于肯定句中。
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