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专题十三 说明文,-2-,考情概览 在英语中,天文地理、人情世故、客观事物、主观意识等宇宙间的一切都可以通过说明文加以阐述说明,如the importance of being on time(准时的重要性)和the happiness of reading books(读书之乐)之类的话题,在汉语中似乎应该属于议论文的范围,但在英语中却一般列在说明文中。其语言特点是:,-3-,1.多用现在时态。因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释,而这种客观介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间的变化而改变的。 2.采用客观描述。说明文一般是对客观存在的事物等的说明与介绍,因此,语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉。在英语中,使用被动语态(如用It is said that.替代I think that.)、引用权威的信息来源(如用according to sb. 替代in my opinion)、选用委婉语是使说明文增加客观性、从而更易被读者接受的重要语言手段。 3.遣词用字简练、平实、确切。说明文的主要目的是帮助读者认清事物,明白事理,故其语言通常较为浅显、通俗,比较易于读者理解。其内容也很客观真实。它的用词总是贴近事物的本来面目,不会使用华丽的辞藻和夸张的写作手法,一般也不加描述和议论。,-4-,另外,说明性完形填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解题。在设空与选项设计方面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求:以实词为主,名词、动词、形容词、副词等约占全部小题数的90%,绝大多数小题都要从全文角度进行判断。这一命题思路体现了“语篇意识”。,-5-,1.确认说明对象,了解文章大意。 文章的首句一般就明确了说明对象。对文章先要进行粗读或略读,以对文章的大意有一个大体的了解。 例 How long can human beings live?Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 to live no longer than 120 years.However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky.Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!Yet,our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3 .They wear out,and as a result,we get old and 4 die. . 分析:在文章的开头,作者就提出了文章需要探讨的话题:人的寿命有多长?在此基础上,考生再对文章进行略读即可把握文章主题。,-6-,2.用好语篇标志,理顺行文逻辑。 说明文的首段往往是文章的主题段,每段的首句也是主题句,一定把握好主题段和主题句,这是做好这类完形填空题的前提。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语,这些词语被称为“语篇标志语”。如表示结构层次的语篇标志语firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally等;表示因果关系的thus,therefore,so等;表示改变话题的by the way等;表示递进关系的also,besides,whats more,further等;表示时间关系的before,so far,yet,meanwhile,later等;表示转折关系的but,while,on the other hand等。做题时如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语,就可以迅速理清文章的脉络,弄清上下文的关系。,-7-,例 .Northern Europeans usually do not like having (bodily) contact(接触)even with friends,and certainly not with (strangers).People from Latin American countries,(on the other hand),touch each other quite a lot.Therefore,its possible that in ,it may look like a Latino is a Norwegian all over the room.The Latino,trying to express friendship,will keep moving .The Norwegian,very probably seeing this as pushiness,will keep which the Latino will in return regard as . 分析:从第一句中,我们可以看出北欧人不喜欢与人(尤其是陌生人)有身体上的接触。下一句话的信息告诉我们,在拉丁美洲人与人身体的接触却比较多。接下来,作者用到了语篇标志词therefore,由此可以推知这两种不同文化碰撞的结果,即一个拉丁美洲人在谈话中追着一个挪威人在屋里到处走。,-8-,3.细读行文内容,理清事实细节。 在阅读这类文章时,我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾,从主题句着手,找出支持句,然后寻找文章的结论。这时,我们还要特别注意,不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑,我们在理解细节的基础上,还要斟酌文字的内涵意义,从而对文章进行深层次的理解。,-9-,例 Body language is the quiet,secret and most powerful language of all!It speaks than words.According to specialists,our bodies send out more than we realize.In fact,non-verbal communication (非语言交际) takes up about 50% of what we really .And body language is particularly when we attempt to communicate across cultures.Indeed,what is called body language is so a part of us that its actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. . Clearly,a great deal is going on when people .And only a part of it is in the words themselves.And when parties are from cultures,theres a strong possibility of .But whatever the situation,the best is to obey the Golden Rule:treat others as you would like to be (treated).,-10-,分析:文章开头的论据中说到不同国家的身势语不同,如果不注意,经常会发生误解。作者在文章的最后提出一条“黄金法则”,即:要像自己希望被对待的方式一样对待他人。前后照应紧密。,-11-,4.注重上下文语境,克服思维定式。 应逐句精读短文,逐题分析选项,对特定的语境做深入的理解,克服思维定式,依据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐空填写。,-12-,例 . For example,the moment you get on the airplane,start (adjusting) your biological clock to the destinations time.If its daytime in your destination,try to stay .Walking around the cabin(客舱)can be of help. A.awake B.alone C.hungry D.calm 分析:要仔细分析语境,完形填空题绝不可以脱离语境填空。由前面的daytime提示可知,白天应该醒着。下文“Walking around the cabin can be of help.”也是提示,所以该空应选awake。,-13-,A,B,Maybe youve lost your job.Maybe you didnt get the 1 in your job.Maybe your sweetheart 2 with you.People say “Dont take it personally” and “Dont let it get to you”, but thats very 3 to do. If youre feeling discouraged, 4 are some strategies(策略) for making yourself feel better?Its pretty clear that 5 “Im the greatest!” or winning a prize along with every other second-grade soccer player isnt a good way to 6 healthy self-respect. Then what can you do to feel better?Here are some 7 to follow.,-14-,A,B,Do a good deed.This is as selfish as it is selfless;youll 8 as much as the person youre helping.I had a friend who 9 a period of vast rejection:she was fired from her 10 , she didnt get into the graduate program to which shed 11 , and her boyfriend split up with her.Everything worked out fine 12 , and I asked her how she got through such a(n) 13 time.She said,“I was 14 addicted to doing good deeds for other people.It was the only way I could make myself feel like I wasnt a total loser.” Keep a resolution(决心).Not only will you benefit from exercising or 15 out your garage,but youll also get a boost(激励) from the mere fact that you made a 16 and stuck to it.,-15-,A,B,Boost your 17 .Studies show that when youre feeling energetic,youre much more likely to feel good about yourself.Most important:get enough sleep. Challenge yourself 18 .This strategy doesnt work for me,but I know that many people feel great 19 white-water rafting,bungee jumping,or roller-coaster riding.For the less daring,a great run,or bike ride can do the 20 .,-16-,A,B,1.A.promotion B.gift C.match D.break 2.A.kept up B.put up C.broke up D.made up 3.A.easy B.hard C.dangerous D.pleasant 4.A.which B.how C.where D.what 5.A.hearing B.praising C.knowing D.repeating 6.A.have B.lose C.build D.hurt 7.A.ideas B.tips C.plans D.methods 8.A.benefit B.repay C.reject D.demand 9.A.went through B.came across C.looked for D.waited for 10.A.house B.incident C.job D.boss 11.A.appealed B.listened C.reacted D.applied,-17-,A,B,12.A.in the beginning B.in the end C.in a moment D.in a sense 13.A.wonderful B.tough C.unforgettable D.busy 14.A.practically B.hardly C.carefully D.unwillingly 15.A.working B.leaving C.finding D.cleaning 16.A.bet B.difference C.promise D.record 17.A.energy B.confidence C.courage D.ability 18.A.mentally B.physically C.successfully D.naturally 19.A.before B.upon C.until D.after 20.A.service B.business C.trick D.favour,-18-,A,B,【语篇导读】本文为说明文。当挫折和失败让自己感到心灰意冷、自我怀疑的时候,怎样做才能恢复自尊、自信呢? 1.A 解析根据上下文可知,作者在列举一些让人感到不开心的事情。在职场中,没能获得晋升就是其中之一。A项“晋升”;B项“礼物”;C项“比赛”;D项“休息”。 2.C 解析句意:或许你的心上人和你分手了。break up with sb.“与某人分手”;keep up with sb.“跟上某人”;put up with sb.“容忍某人”;make up with sb.“同某人言归于好”。 3.B 解析句意:人们说“你别往心里去”“不要让它对你产生影响”,但是那做起来却很难。“but”提示上下文存在转折关系,说明事情是说起来容易,但是做起来难(hard)。 4.D 解析句意:如果你觉得心灰意冷,有什么策略能让你感觉好点呢?,-19-,A,B,5.D 解析根据下文“Im the greatest!”以及常理推断,在遭受挫败的时候,人们往往对自己重复(repeating)说一些鼓励的话,让自己心情好起来。 6.C 解析句意:重复“我是最棒的!”或者在和其他二流足球队员比赛时获胜都不是建立健全的自尊的好方法。build此处意思是“建立”。 7.B 解析根据下文内容可知,这是作者提出的几点建议。tip常用来表示一些有用的小建议。A项“主意,想法”; C项“计划”; D项“(系统的)方法”。 8.A 解析句意:你会和你所帮助的人受益同样多。A项“得益于”;B项“偿还”;C项“拒绝接受”;D项“要求”。 9.A 解析这里指经历了一系列严重的挫败。A项“经历”;B项“偶然碰到”; C项“寻找”;D项“等候”。,-20-,A,B,10.C 解析此处意为“在工作中被解雇”。 11.D 解析此处意为“她申请读研失败”。D项applied符合题意。 12.B 解析句意:一切最终都顺利了。B项“最后,结果”;A项“起初”;C项“立刻,马上”; D项“从某种意义上说”。 13.B 解析根据语境可知,她度过的是一段艰难的时期。 14.A 解析此处副词practically相当于almost,意思是“几乎,差不多”。B项“几乎不”;C项“仔细地”;D项“不情愿地”。 15.D 解析此处意为“锻炼或者打扫车库会让你受益”。clean out “把彻底打扫干净”;work out “计算出,解决”;leave out “遗漏;略去”;find out “找出,查明”。 16.C 解析根据“Keep a resolution.”可知C项意义接近,即做出承诺并且信守承诺。make a promise “许诺”;make a bet “打赌”;make a difference “有影响;起作用”;make a record “录制唱片”。,-21-,A,B,17.A 解析根据下文语境以及“energetic”一词的提示可知该段小标题是Boost your energy.(养精蓄锐)。 18.B 解析根据下文提到的极限运动可知,这里指Challenge yourself physically.(挑战体能)。 19.D 解析此处意为很多人在进行了激流皮划艇运动、蹦极或乘坐过山车后感觉很好。 20.C 解析do the trick是固定短语,意思是“起作用;奏效;达到目的”。,-22-,A,B,In Britain,people have different attitudes to the police.Most people generally 1 them and the job they doalthough there are certain people who do not believe that the police 2 have the power that they do. What does a policeman actually do?It is not a(n) 3 job to describe.After all,a policeman has a number of jobs in 4 .A policeman often has to control traffic,either 5 foot in the centre of a town,or in a police car on the roads.Indeed,in Britain,he might be in the Traffic Police and spend all,or a lot of,his time 6 up and down main roads and motorways(高速公路).A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving,stop 7 drivers and help when there is an accident.,-23-,A,B,A policeman has to help keep the 8 , too.If there is a fight or some other disturbance,we 9 the police to come and restore(恢复) order.And they often have to 10 situation at great risk to their own 11 . We expect the police to solve crimes,of course.So an ordinary policeman, 12 he is not a detective,will often have to help 13 and arrest criminals. And 14 do we call when there is an emergencyan air crash,a 15 , a road accident,or a robbery?We call the police. 16 a policeman has to be 17 to face any unpleasant emergency that may happen in the 18 world. The police do an absolutely necessary job;they do it 19 well and I support them,but I do not envy policemen.I do not think that I could 20 do the job of a policeman.,-24-,A,B,1.A.dislike B.join C.appreciate D.admire 2.A.should B.would C.could D.must 3.A.funny B.pleasant C.interesting D.easy 4.A.it B.one C.his D.them 5.A.on B.by C.under D.with 6.A.walking B.driving C.wandering D.running 7.A.rested B.tiring C.speeding D.awake 8.A.peace B.silence C.situation D.condition 9.A.wait for B.see C.think of D.expect 10.A.turn to B.avoid C.deal with D.treat 11.A.safety B.families C.future D.friends 12.A.also B.as if C.however D.even if,-25-,A,B,13.A.get rid of B.question C.look for D.sentence 14.A.how B.where C.what D.who 15.A.power-failure B.fire C.thunderstorm D.thief 16.A.Yet B.Then C.As D.So 17.A.provided B.promised C.prepared D.presented 18.A.future B.modern C.real D.past 19.A.extremely B.specially C.surprisingly D.particularly 20.A.hardly B.forever C.ever D.never,-26-,A,B,【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了英国警察职责之所在。 1.C 解析根据最后一段的第一句可知,大部分人都还是欣赏警察这个职业和他们所做的工作的。故选C项。 2.A 解析根据语境和上文“In Britain,people have different attitudes to the police.”可推知,此处有人持反对的观点,认为警察不应该拥有那些他们现在所拥有的权力。故选A项。 3.D 解析根据下文“After all,a policeman has a number of jobs.”可推知,警察的工作不是一句两句可以说清楚的。故选D项。 4.B 解析根据语境可知,警察的工作是融许多工作为一体的。故选B项。 5.A 解析固定搭配on foot意为“徒步”,与“in a police car”呼应。故选A项。,-27-,A,B,6.B 解析根据上文“in a police car on the roads”可知,交警大部分时间驱车在路上巡查。故选B项。 7.C 解析根据语境“A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving.” 可推知,交警有职责阻止超速驾驶,故选C项。speeding “高速行驶的”。 8.A 解析根据下文“If there is a fight or some other disturbance,we 9 the police to come and restore(恢复) order.”可推知,警察有职责维护和平,避免打架斗殴或其他骚乱的发生。故选A项。 9.D 解析根据下文“We expect the police to solve crimes.”可知,此处表示我们在遇到扰乱事件时会期望(expect)警察来帮忙处理。故选D项。,-28-,A,B,10.C 解析根据上文“we 9 the police to come and restore(恢复) order”可知,警察会帮助人们处理类似暴力事件,与下文“solve crimes”呼应。故选C项。 11.A 解析根据上文“If there is a fight or some other disturbance.”可知,处理这样的事件是有一定危险的,警察的安全也有可能受到威胁。故选A项。 12.D 解析根据语境可知,上下句表示逻辑上的让步关系。再根据语意,故选D项。 13.C 解析由“detective”可知,此处表示帮助搜寻,然后逮捕罪犯。故选C项。 14.D 解析根据下文“We call the police.”可知,此处意为“当发生时我们打电话给谁?”故选D项。,-29-,A,B,15.B 解析根据提示词an emergency和文中所列举的事件可知,fire符合语境,属于近义复指。故选B项。 16.D 解析根据语境可知,上下句是逻辑上的因果关系,属于语意承接。故选D项。 17.C 解析根据语境可知,警察要对一切可能的紧急状况做好充分的准备。故选C项。 18.B 解析根据语境可知,所有这些所列举的紧急状况都是发生在我们现代生活中的常见情景,与文中的现在时呼应。故选B项。 19.A 解析与absolutely形成呼应可知,警察工作做得很棒,故选A项。extremely “极端地,极其,非常”。 20.C 解析I do not think这样的句型本身就是一种否定转移,故排除否定的选项。根据提示词could可知,此处表示之前发生的事情,forever不合语境。故选C项。,
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