2019-2020年高中英语 语法冲刺 英语句子的成分.doc

2019-2020年高中英语 语法冲刺 英语句子的成分一.英语句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 e.g. 1. I saw my best friend Tom see off his girlfriend 主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 宾语补足语 动作执行者 动作、状态或特征 修饰名、代词 动作的对象 名、代后表性质情况 补充说明宾语 at the station yesterday.状语（地点.时间等）修饰动、形、副词和句子 2. A few years ago, Tom was captain of the team. 状语 主语 系动词 表语 定语 系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征 注：英语句子成分歌 英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在； 补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）二.句子各成分的形式 1.谓语 及物动词或及物动词短语作谓语He looked after two orphans.They respect one another. Please give me a hand.不及物动词或不及物动词短语作谓语He went abroad in the September of 1988. 连系动词表状态He is an excellent teacher. The box itself is not so heavy. 注：I.“七给”一“带”to不少,“买”画“制作”for来了。带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语（物）置于间接宾语（人）之前,必须在变换时“to”或“for”。这11个及物动词可以概括为下边两句话,读起来妙趣横生,效果很好1.“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语（物）前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有： mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,sell,take,teach等2.“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。如:Mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach等。3.当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后如：Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me。把它给我4. 有些动词后可单独用直接宾语（物）.间接宾语（人）或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay.I asked John. 我问约翰I asked a question. 我问了一个问题I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题5. suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to,不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。Could you explain your point of view to us?=Could you explain to us your point of view?II. 常用作连系动词： 变成,变得：bee, e, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn口诀：好是e，坏是go;天气.外貌慢慢grow; 流水.金钱缓缓run;颜色.天气大不同turn；get/ bee口语化，如果要说就用它.口诀解读：e 一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。如：Dreams e true. 梦想成真。go 一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。如：Its such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly.今天太热了，菜都馊了。grow 表示逐渐变化，强调的是缓慢变化的过程，后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。如：I want to grow old with you. 我想和你一起慢慢变老。run 与grow 是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消耗的东西。如：Still water runs deep.静水深流。turn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达与之前大不相同。如：The weather suddenly turned hot.天气突然变热了。In spring the trees turn green, the flowers e out. 春天树变绿了，花开了。系词be它有三，am/is/are/was/wereI（我）用am，you（你）用are，is 用于他她它；单数is，复数are，认真做题不出差。（否句be后not加，疑问句，be句首，句尾？不要丢。） 保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 看起来，好像：Appear, look, seem. 感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste. 2.主语（谓语前）（名词）The sun rises in the east. （数词）Twenty years is a short time in history. （名词化的形容词）The poor are now living in the shelter. （动名词）Seeing is believing. （不定式）To see is to believe. （代词）He likes dancing.（从句）What he needs is a book.（形式主语）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.【解析】：不定式、动名词和从句可在句中做主语，由从句充当主语的句子，称为主语从句。 3.宾语 (谓语后）（名词）Show your passport, please. （代词）She didnt say anything. （数词）How many do you want? - I want two. （名词化的形容词）They sent the injured to hospital. （不定式）They asked to see my passport. （动名词）I enjoy working with you. （从句）Did you write down what he said? 【解析】不定式、动名词和从句可在句中做宾语，由从句充当宾语的句子，称为宾语从句。 4.表语（系动词后）（形容词）Time is precious.（副词）The war was over.（代词）Im not quite myself today.（名词）That remains a puzzle.（不定式）They seem to know the truth.（现在分词）The film is very interesting.（过去分词）I felt tired.（介词短语）I dont feel at ease. （从句）The problem is when we can get a pay rise.【解析】B. 由不定式、动名词、分词可在句中做表语，由从句充当表语的句子，称为表语从句。 5.补足语I found the book interesting.Do you smell something burning?He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her a hand.【解析】：不定式、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可在句中做补足语。 6.同位语We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won the game.【解析】：由从句充当同位语的句子，称为同位语从句。 7.定语（形容词）He is a clever boy.（名词）His father works in a steel work.（数词）There are 54 students in our class.（名词所有格）Do you know Bettys sister?（动名词）He bought some sleeping pills.（现在分词）There is a sleeping baby in bed.（过去分词）His spoken language is good.（不定式）She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.（从句）Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, who lived in Fuzhou.【解析】：A. 由从句充当定语的句子，称为定语从句B. 不定式、动名词、分词可在句中做定语。C如果定语是由一个单词，通常要前置；如果定语是一个词组或一个句子时，通常则后置。 8.状语（介词短语时间） I will be back in a while.（介词短语地点）They are playing on the playground.（从句原因）He was late because he got up late.（从句结果）He got up so late that I missed the train.（不定式目的）I waited to see you.（介词短语方式）He often went to school by bus.（现在分词结果）His parents died, leaving him an orphan.（从句条件）Please call me if it is necessary.（副词程度）This book is very interesting.（介词短语让步）He went to school in spite of his illness.【解析】：A. 由从句充当状语的句子，称为状语从句B. 不定式、分词、介词短语和副词在句中均能做状语。