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Unit 6 Operating System,Sec.6-1 What Is an Operating System ?,Sec.6-2 Operating System Structure,Exit,Unit 6 Operating System Sec.6-1 What Is an Operating System ?,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,2 Grammar Points,3 Questions,Exit,Return,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,Return,Exit,operating system操作系统1-1 computer hardware计算机硬件1-2 hands-on system手控（操作）系统2-2 multiprogram多道程序2-3 time-shared system分时系统2-3 applications program应用程序3-5 compiler编译器3-5 database system数据库系统3-5 video game视频游戏3-5 business program商务程序3-5,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,resource allocator 资源分配器6-1 primary operating system主操作系统7-3 MCP-Master Control Program主控程序7-4 bare hardware裸硬件8-4 shared multi-user system分时多用户系统10-2 computer architecture计算机结构12-1 move through经过、通过2-3 evolve as（逐渐）成为2-4 viewas把看作6-1,Return,Exit,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute programs.1-2 The applications programs define the ways in which these resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users.4-1 It simply provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work.5-4,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,Return,Exit,Operating systems exist because they are a reasonable way to solve the problem of creating a usable computing system.8-1 Operating systems exist because they are supposed to make it easer to compute with an operating system than without an operating system.9-2 is convenience for the user By tracing that evolution we can identify the common elements of operating systems and see how and why they developed as they have（evolved）.11-2,2 Grammar Points,Return,Exit,Return,Exit,3 Questions, How many parts can a computer system be divided into ? Key: It has four parts:hardware,operating system,applications programs,users.3-2 In what way is an operating system similar to a government ? Key: Like a government, the operating system performs no useful function by itself. It simply provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work.5-3,What certain common functions should an operating system possess（have）? Key :It should have the common functions of controlling resources and allocating them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks.6-2 What are the two goals provided by an operating system for a computer system ? Key :The primary goal is to make the computer system convenient to use, and secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.1-3,Return,Exit,3 Questions,Return,Exit,3 Questions,Unit 6 Operating System Sec.6-2 Operating System Structure,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,2 Grammar Points,3 Questions,Exit,Return,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,Return,Exit,monolithic system整体系统2- a collection of procedures一批程序2-2 call调用2-3 well-defined interface规定好的接口2-4 object program目标程序3-1 information hiding信息隐藏3-3 system call系统调用4-2 trap instruction陷阱指令4-3 kernel call核心调用4-4 supervisor call管理员调用4-4,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,kernel mode核心模式5-1 user mode用户模式5-1 supervisor mode管理员模式5-1 dispatch table调度表5- service procedure服务程序6-4 main program主程序7-2 utility procedure实用程序7-4 fetching data取数据8-2 virtual machine虚拟机9 batch systems批系统9-1 timesharing system分时系统9-3,Return,Exit,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,extended machine扩展机10-1 multiprograming多路编程10-2 bare hardware裸硬件11-4 batch processing批处理12-3 interactive system交互式系统12-4 CMSConversational Monitor System 会话监视系统12-4 Client-Server-Model客户服务器模型 distributed system分布式系统17-1 remote machine远程（端）机17-4,Return,Exit,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,Return,Exit,user-space program用户空间程序18-3 message mechanism信息机制18-6 by no means决不1-3 take a look inside看一看内部1-2 by far as the most（ by far as最高级或比较级 ） 2-1最、非常,1 Specialized Terms and Phrases,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,Considering the pipeline operation,one can see that an efficient system operation can be attained if all instructions take the same number of cycles for the fetch and execution stages.3-1 The designer should therefore strive to achieve a uniform series of single-cycle, fetch-and-execute operations for each instruction implemented on the computing system being developed. 3-3,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,The standard instruction size should be equal to the basic word length of the computing system, which is usually equal to the number of data lines in the system bus, connecting the memory to CPU.4-1 Since it is impractical to have instructions of half-word length, they should all be a full word long.8-8 Having all of the instructions of the same length is not in itself sufficient to ensure streamlined handling for all cases.9-1,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,An obvious way of significantly reducing the complexity of the control unit is to provide a reduced number of choices of instructions, instructions and data formats and of addressing modes.9-6 A reduction in the number of operation possibilities will simplify the design and speed up the operation of the decoding subsystem,since it will have many less items to distinguish.9-6 Realizing that it might not be practical to hope that all instructions will execute in a single cycle, one can request that at least 75 should .10-8,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,In other words, one should strive to provide features which tend to support HLLs in general(such as support for procedure handing, parameter passing and process managment), as opposed to a particular HLL(such as Pascal or FORTRAN).11-8 The remaining sections of this chapter will be dedicated to the discussion of some design practices in many RISC systems, and to a historical survey of RISC development.16-3,Return,Exit,2 Grammar Points,Return,Exit,Return,Exit,3 Questions,
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