英汉句子比较与翻译.ppt

英汉语言比较与句子翻译,Angela Hong,Guide of Dog Beating One Finger just like a Pen Nine Women catching White bones Sunflower Bible (from a gentleman to a lady ),Guess what are the Chinese names of the following in Martial Arts?,英汉句子结构比较,英语重形合（hypotaxis)，汉语重意合（parataxis) 形合主要靠语言本身语法手段（形式手段），意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系,奈达 译意Translating meaning: 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis) 英语注重显性衔接（overt cohesion），汉语注重隐性连贯（covert coherence),傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。 汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。,例句： 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。 Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,英语句子中，名词与介词占优势 主谓机制：抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子的灵魂。 名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通,Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. （7个介词） 卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然在一大片绿色草地前停下了。,英汉句子重心的差异 We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友好相处，这是正确而必要的。 汉语的习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。,The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。,英语：end-weight头轻脚重，属于主语显著（subject-prominent）语言 It is.to; there 英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。因此在汉译英中，如何找准句子重心，确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因素。,汉语：头重脚轻，属于主题显著（topic-prominent）语言 语言学家赵元任：在汉语中，主语与谓语之间的语法关系与其说是施事和动作的关系，不如说是话题和说明的关系，施事和动作可以看作是话题和说明的一个特例。,I worked very hard on this book. 这本书我花了很多心血。 He isnt interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing. 看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。,Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century, who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for the mornings work.” （许余龙，1987：56） 19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本里说过：“享用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见，现在很少有人领教了。,英语时态的汉译 汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时”的变化，如用“了”、“着”、“过”、“已经”、“就要”、“现在”、“将来”、“正在”、“过去”等 英语时态必须用动词的曲折变化体现出来,When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer, and lighting his pipe (George Santayana, The Weather in His Soul) 设想在他运动之余品茶或喝酒，并点着烟斗时 （刘士聪 译）,二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。 （萧红 永久的憧憬和追求） When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo. （刘士聪 译）,英汉语言语序上的差异 潘文国：英语基本上是一种形态性的语言，汉语基本上是一种语义性的语言。 主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。,定语后置 1 some-, any-, every-, no等构成的复合代词 He told me something important. 他告诉我了一件重要的事情。 There is nothing wrong with this computer. 这台电脑没有什么毛病。,2 ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。,3 定语从句和某些分词作定语时，也需后置 Here are the New Year cards Ive just received. 这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡。 Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers. 在这里学习的多数是中学老师。,4 起表语作用的形容词作定语，也需后置。 Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision. 出席大会的人都赞同这项决议。 There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country. 那个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人。,5 某些成对的形容词作定语需要后置，翻译时需灵活处理 All nations, large or small, rich or poor, should be equal. 国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等。 Teachers, old and new, must respect each other and learn from each other. 新老教师都应互相尊重，互相学习。 The reason for the change is lack of money, pure and simple. 更改的原因纯粹是因为缺少经费。,汉语中的习惯是把最能说明事物本质的放在最前面，而把表示规模大小、力量强弱的放在后面。英语则恰恰相反，越能说明事物本质的定语越要靠近它所修饰的名词。同时，还可以根据定语和其所修饰的名词之间的关系安排前后位置，定语和中心词关系越密切，位置越接近。如关系难以判断，则按词的长短排列，短的在前，长的在后。,定语组位置比较 一张红木小圆桌 a small round red wooden table 一位中国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer 繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国 a modern, prosperous, powerful socialist country,状语位置的比较 英语的状语位置不固定，汉语状语通常是放在主语之后，谓语之前。,never He was never late. 他从不迟到。 He never got up late. 他从不晚起。 He can never speak English without making serious mistakes. 说英语他总是出大错 He has never been abroad.他从未出过国。 I will never agree to their demands.我决不同意他们的要求。 You seem never to think of yourself. 你好像从来不考虑自己。 Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense! 我这辈子从没有听过这种废话！,状语的顺序 汉语的习惯：时间，地点，方式 （从大到小） 英语的习惯：方式，地点，时间 （从小到大）,The news briefing was held in Room 301 at about nine oclock yesterday morning. 新闻发布会是昨天上午大约九点在301会议室召开的。 Ba Jin was born in 1904 into a big landlord family in Sichuan Province in China. 巴金1904年出生在中国四川省的一个封建大地主家庭。,Suddenly the President, looking out over the vast landscape, said, with an underlying excitement in his voice, the words I gave earlier. 总统眺望着辽阔的景色，突然用很兴奋的语调说了我在前文已经提到过的话。,中国远洋运输公司成立于1961年4月，至今已有28年的历史。28年来，在国家的大力支持下，经过不懈的努力，公司业务和船舶数量迅速发展和增长。 Established in April 1961, the China Ocean Shipping Corporation, with 28 years history, has expanded its shipping business and increased its number of ships with its arduous efforts and the support from the state in those years.,英汉语言语态上的差异 英语：广泛使用被动语态 汉语：较少使用被动语态,英语被动语态使用的情况： 1 不知道或是没有必要说明行为的实行者 The audience are requested to keep silent. 请观众保持肃静。 She was offered a job in a middle school. 人家给她一个中学里的位置。,2 动作的对象是谈话的中心话题 Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape. 克林顿将会以录像的形式提供证词。 The scientific research plan has already been drawn up. 科研计划已经拟出来了。 The girl was criticized yesterday. 这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。,3 无从说出动作的实行者是谁 She was seen to go out of the room. 有人看见她走出了那个房间。 Youre wanted on the phone. 你的电话。 This rubbish is being disposed of. （有人）正在处理这些垃圾。,4 为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接 John actually loved Mary and was loved in return. 约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。 Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought. 人的思想形成语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。,5 出于礼貌，使措辞得当，语气委婉 Visitors are requested to show their tickets. 来宾请出示入场券。 Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here. 请旅客在此填写报关表。,汉语的被动态 1 有形式标记的被动态 2 无形式标记的被动态,1 表被动意义的助词 让,叫,给,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,为所,被所,是的,例句: 工作已由他完成了。 The work has been done by him. 杯子给打得粉碎。 The cup has been broken into pieces. 这个问题必须予以处理。 This matter must be dealt with.,2 无被动助词 看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。 例句： 那里讲什么语言？ What language is spoken there? 这个任务必须按时完成。 This task must be fulfilled in time.,汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句： 应该教育儿童讲老实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误，一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.,Converting the passive voice into the active,The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization. A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.,Converting the passive voice into the active,1. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。 2. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization. 大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。 3. A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 4. To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。 5. Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals. 大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。,