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,Chapter 6 Stylistic Features of Different Kinds of English Expressions,I. Humor and Irony,A. 幽默是一种常见的语言表现风格。它使语言诙谐, 耐人寻味, 能产生一种出乎意料的喜剧效果。,Homonyms/homophones We have courses to make grown men young and young men groan. On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.,Call me a doctor if you like. Call me what you will. But dont call me at half past three on a December morning for an ear-ache that you have had for two weeks. People who do things that count never stop to count them,Let us imagine that a woman goes to the chemists for a developed film. She says smugly(沾沾自喜地) to the chemist: “I do look nice in the picture, dont I?” Handling her the film the chemist replies: “Well, madam, the answer lies in the negative.”,语言的幽默也可以通过文体风格予以实现。我们知道法官在法庭上常用的一句话: Do you swear that you will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? 如果一个人在牙科医生面前套用这句具有法律语言风格的句子而说道:,Do you swear that you will pull the tooth, the whole tooth, and nothing but the tooth? 那必然会产生强烈的幽默感。,I can resist everything except temptation. (Oscar Wilde) It was wonderful to discover America, but it would have been more wonderful to miss it. (Mark Twain),He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. (George Bernard Shaw) Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. (Oscar Wilde) I have nothing to declare except my genius. (Oscar Wilde),B. 反语就是说反话, 或正话反说, 或反话正说。反语真正的意思不是来自于字面, 而是由特定的上下文所赋予的。,It is a very justifiable cause of war to invade a country after the people have been wasted(消瘦) by famine(饥荒), destroyed by pestilence(瘟疫), or embroiled(纠缠/混乱) by factions(派别) among themselves. It is justifiable to enter into war against our nearest ally(同盟国), when one of his towns lies convenient for us, or a territory of land, that would render our dominions(疆土/领土) round and complete. If a prince sends forces into a nation where the people are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to death, and make slaves of the rest, in order to civilize(使文明) and reduce them from their barbarous(野蛮的) way of living.,It is a very justifiable cause of war to invade a country after the people have been wasted (消瘦) by famine, destroyed by pestilence(瘟疫), or embroiled(纠缠/混乱) by factions(派别/派系) among themselves. It is justifiable to enter into war against our nearest ally(同盟国), when one of his towns lies convenient for us, or a territory of land, that would render our dominions(疆土/领土) round and complete. If a prince sends forces into a nation where the people are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to death, and make slaves of the rest, in order to civilize(使文明) and reduce them from their barbarous(野蛮的) way of living.,作者在这里控诉和讽刺侵略战争。斜体部分具有强烈的讽喻色彩。,It was an immaculately(无过失地) planned crime by three Norwegian safe-breakers who knew their business. They found the company safe(保险柜) and placed a small explosive charge(一定量的炸药). Calmly, they lit the fuse and sheltered in the next room. There came the bang-and a whole wall washed down round the trio(三人小组) in a roar of flying bricks and mortar(灰泥). The safe did not contain money. It contained explosives(炸药).,上文反语的表现风格是靠讲述出乎意料的事件而烘托出来的。这种寄寓于 “事与愿违”的反语称之为“情况反常”(situational irony)。,II.简洁(terse)与繁丰(the involved style),. A. 简洁(lucidity/清晰,simplicity&euphony/和声)就是言简意赅, 文章没有多余的词和句, 但内容也可能很丰富, 含义又很深刻。,Studies serves for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament(装饰/修饰), is in discourse(话语), and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition(安排/处理) of business ( Francis Bacon, Of Studies) 上句语言简洁, 鞭辟入理, 是简洁风格的精品。,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man,Histories make men wise; poems, witty; the mathematics, subtile(subtle); natural philosophy deep; moral(道德上的教训/寓意), grave(严肃/庄重); logic and rhetoric able to contend(争论):Abeunt studia in mores(Studies have an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant娴熟的/精通的 in them),Ernest Hemingway 的作品语言简洁, 而所表达的思想深刻、引人深思。 Kilimanjaro is a snow covered mountain 19,710 feet high, an is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. Its western summit is called the Masai “Ngaje Ngai”, the House of God. Close to the western summit there is the dried and frozen carcass(动物的尸体) of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was seeking at that altitude(高地). (The snows of Kilimanjaro),B. 繁丰并不是指叙述罗嗦累赘, 而是指不吝惜笔墨, 力求详尽无遗, 作到细腻入微。.,The pair of mourners, sufficiently stricken(受灾的), were in the garden of the vicarage(教区牧师的住宅) together, before luncheon, waiting to be summoned to that meal, and Arthur Prime had still in his face the intention, she was moved to call it rather than the expression, of feeling something or other. Some such appearance was in itself of course natural within a week of his stepmothers death, within three of his fathers; but what was most present to the girl, herself sensitive and shrewd, was that he seemed somehow to brood(沉思/细想) without sorrow, to suffer without what she in her own case would have called pain. He turned away from her after this last speech-it was a good deal his habit to drop an observation and leave her to pick it up without assistance. If the vicars widow, now in her turn finally translated(使肉体不死而升天), had not really belonged to him it was not for want of her giving herself, so far as he ever would take her; and she had lain for three days all alone at the end of the passage, in the great cold chamber of hospitality, the dampish(有些潮湿的) greenish room where visitors slept and where several of the ladies of the parish(教区) had, without effect, offered, in pairs and successions, piously(虔诚地/敬神地) to watch with her,The pair of mourners, sufficiently stricken(遭受灾难的), were in the garden of the vicarage(教区牧师的住宅) together, before luncheon, waiting to be summoned to that meal, and Arthur Prime had still in his face the intention, she(Charlott Prime) was moved to call it rather than the expression, of feeling something or other. Some such appearance was in itself of course natural within a week of his stepmothers death, within three of his fathers; but what was most present to the girl(Charlott Prime), herself sensitive and shrewd(机灵/敏锐的), was that he seemed somehow to brood(伏窝似地静坐/细想/沉思) without sorrow, to suffer without what she in her own case would have called pain. (to be continued),(continued) He turned away from her after this last speech-it was a good deal his habit to drop an observation(观察后发表的言论) and leave her to pick it up without assistance. If the vicars widow, now in her turn finally translated(使肉体不死而升天), had not really belonged to him it was not for want of her giving herself, so far as he ever would take her; and she had lain for three days all alone at the end of the passage, in the great cold chamber of hospitality, the dampish(有些潮湿的) greenish room where visitors slept and where several of the ladies of the parish(教区) had, without effect, offered, in pairs and successions, piously(虔诚地/敬神地) to watch with her,III. 平实与藻丽( the plain style and the ornate style),A. 平实的语言风格指的是扎扎实实, 平铺直叙地进行描写或叙述; 少用修饰成分;少用比喻、夸张等修辞手法; 讲求语言的朴素美。,She was an old woman and lived on a farm near the town in which I lived. All country and small-town people have seen such old women, but no one knows much about them. Such an old woman comes into town driving an old worn-out horse cart or she comes afoot(on foot) carrying a basket. She may own a few hens and have eggs to sell. She brings them in a basket and takes them to a grocer. There she trades them in. She gets some salt pork and some beans. Then she gets a pound or two of sugar and some flour. (to be continued),(continued) Afterwards she goes to the butchers and asks for some dog-meat. She may spend ten or fifteen cents, but when she does she asks for something. Formerly the butchers gave liver to anyone who wanted to carry it away. In our family we were always having it. Once one of my brothers got a whole cows liver at the slaughter-house(屠宰场) near the fairgrounds(集市场所) in our town. We had it until we were sick of it. It never cost a cent. I have hated the thought of it ever since.,B. 藻丽是指语言华丽绚烂, 充满形容词、副词等修饰语; 较多地运用比喻、夸张等修辞方法, 使语言富有形象色彩和感情色彩。另外藻丽的语言还体现在句子结构上。一般说来, 句子较长, 结构也比较复杂, 并使用排比结构。,Now if nature should intermit(中断) her course, and leave altogether though it were but for a while the observation of her own laws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(分解/融化/解散) itself; if celestial spheres should forget their wonted(惯常的) motions, and by irregular volubility(流利的) turn themselves any way as it might happen; if the prince of the lights of heaven, which now as a giant doth(does) run his unwearied(不疲劳的) course, should as it were through a languishing(枯萎) faintness begin to stand and rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine(消瘦/衰弱) away as children at the withered breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief: what would become of man himself whom these things now do all serve? See we not plainly that obedience of creatures unto the law of nature is the stay of the whole world?,Now if nature should intermit(中断) her course, and leave altogether though it were but for a while the observation of her own laws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(分解/融化/解散) itself; if celestial(天体的/天上的) spheres should forget their wonted(惯常的) motions, and by irregular volubility(流畅地/易旋转地) turn themselves any way as it might happen;,if the prince of the lights of heaven, which now as a giant doth(does) run his unwearied(不疲劳的) course, should as it were through a languishing(枯萎) faintness begin to stand and rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine (消瘦/衰弱) away as children at the withered（枯萎） breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief:,what would become of man himself whom these things now do all serve? See we not plainly that obedience of creatures unto the law of nature is the stay of the whole world?,
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