英汉翻译实用教程第5讲英译汉.ppt

英汉翻译实用教程第五讲 英译汉 （4）,英、汉两种语言在语法、句子结构等方面有着很大的差异，在翻译时我们为了使译文通顺流畅，符合译语的表达习惯，我们可以改变原来句子的语序或结构， 重新组织句子。一般说来句子有以下几种翻译方法。,一、 Conversion of Word Order (语序调整) 1) Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. 昆塔觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这些人自尊自重。（插入语换序） 2) From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他们从一走上祖国的土地的时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序）,3） Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情， 总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语移位， 并转变为谓语） 4） By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战终了时， 这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价。（被动句中把原文中的主语译为译文中的宾语）,二、名词从句的翻译(Translation of English Nominal clauses) English subordinate clauses are classified into six groups, namely, subject clause, objective clause, predicative clause, appositive clause, attributive clause and adverbial clause. Since the first four of them function as nouns in a complex sentence, they are generally called nominal clauses. In this section we are going to find some specific methods of translating nominal clauses.,Subjective clauses: Usually we would like to translate noun clause in the same order, that is to say, to remain their original position. Examples: 1) What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。 2) Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. 他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。 3) Whoever comes to our public reference library will be welcome. 什么人到我们公共图书馆来参观都可以。,*When it functions as a formal subject, the subject clause may either precede or follow the principle clause. 4) It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他参不参加会议都没多大关系。 5) It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁后，竟然还能活着， 这看来是不可想象的事。 6) It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 真奇怪， 她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。,Objective Clauses: Generally speaking, there is no need to change the position of the object clause in translation. However, in some cases, when “it” functions as the formal object of a complex sentence, or sometimes, preceded by a preposition, a change of order is necessary. 1) I understand that he is well qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience. 我知道他完全够条件，但我觉得他需要更多的经验。 2) I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him. 我理所当然的认为， 你回来跟他谈这件事的。 3) I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting. 我被选参加会议， 感到十分荣幸。,Predicative Clauses: English predicative clauses, like object clauses, are generally translated without changing their original position. 1） This is where the shoe pinches. 这就是问题的症结所在。 2） Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。 3）His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. 他对新闻界的看法是， 记者们不是支持他， 就是反对他。,Appositive clauses: Apposition, a state of affairs in grammar in which one simple sentence contains two or more noun phrases that describe the same person or thing and are used in the same way, appears more frequently in English than in Chinese. The following methods are usually used too translate appositive clauses.,Keeping to the original order: 1）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望能再来中国访问。 2） We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。 3）She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己为什么突然想到了他。,Converted into an attributive clause or an independent clause: 1)Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而， 从一开始， 我仍活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。 2) They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender. 对于他宁愿自杀也不投降这种假设， 他们是很怀疑的。 3) It doesnt alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 延迟应由他负责， 这个事实是改变不了的。,Using punctuation marks or specific words: Punctuation marks such as colon, dash or such expressions as “这样”, “这种”， “即” etc. , are usually used to introduce appositive clauses. 1) But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是现实地考虑一下， 我们不得不承认这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。 2) And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. 而且总是有这种可能性-一个小小的点火花， 可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路。 3) The fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切东西都吸引向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。 4) Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久前， 科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现， 即可以把这种废物变为塑料。,Changing the relation between the noun and the appositive clause, the noun being converted into a verb. 1) An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the sky-lab should be sent back. 已下命令将现在在航天实验室里的研究人员送回来。 2) Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的实验结果。 3) However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是将化学符号写成反应式， 并不意味着所表示的反应确实会发生。,三、定语从句的翻译(Translation of Attributive Clauses) 1. 译成前置定语(合译法) 把定语从句译成汉语带“的”的定语短语，放在被修饰词之前， 从而将复合句译成汉语简单句。例如： 1) The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下干活的人对他都怕得要死。 2) Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 3) This is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan. 这就是我不赞成修改计划的原因。,4) “How could a great paper like the Washington Post, full of brilliant editors, get so involved in its own conceit and arrogance to pursue a story which its own staff was saying was fabricated from the beginning?” 像华盛顿邮报这样一家拥有许多出色编辑的大报， 为何自以为是和高傲自大到如此地步， 竟然追求一篇连自己的编辑人员从一开始也认为是虚构的报道？” 5)When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他常常聚精会神地做工作， 这时他会废寝忘食。 6)The sun , which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳， 现在又光芒四射地露面了。,2. 译成并列分句（分译法） 如果从句太长， 译成前置定语显得太长而且不符合汉语表达习惯， 往往可以译成后置的并列分句。例如： 1) A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质， 在适当温度下能燃烧并放出热量。 2) Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter morning. 牛顿发明了一只蜡烛的纸灯笼， 在昏暗的冬天早晨上学时带着灯笼照路。 3) We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busy. 我们把郊游推迟到下星期， 到那时我们不会这么忙了。,4) In power stations, coal or oil is burned and changed into electricity, which is then sent over to homes and factories. 在发电站里， 煤和油燃烧变成电， 然后电沿着导线输送到住家和工厂。 5) She was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 她没有失去知觉， 这从她的眼睛可以看出来。 6) Nearly everyone knows the story of “the dog that worried the cat that caught the rat that ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built.” 几乎人人都知道这个故事：“ 杰克盖了房， 房里堆了粮， 耗子把粮吃光， 猫把耗子抓伤， 狗又把猫逼上房。”,3. 混合译法 有时根据汉语的表达习惯， 可以把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子。这种方法比较适合翻译限制性定语从句和“There be”结构中含有的定语从句。例如： 1)There are many people who want to apply for the position. 有很多人想应聘这个岗位。 2) Fortunately there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。,3) The acid test is expected to come today or early next week when a bill goes before the U.S. Congress for approval of the sale of US $60 million worth of spare parts to Taiwan. 出售价值六千万美元的零件给台湾的法案将在今天或下周初提交美国国会批准， 届时严峻的考验就要到来了。 4) We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。,4译成状语从句 英语中有些定语从句， 兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系， 说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。翻译时应善于从原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑关系， 然后译成汉语各种相应的偏正复句。例如： 1) Man cant live on the moon, where there is no air or water. 人不能月球上生活， 因为那里没有空气和水。（译成原因状语从句） 2) Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. 当把电供给电灯时， 它就会变成光能。（译成时间状语从句）,3) Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the height. 世上无难事， 只要肯登攀。（译成条件状语从句） 4) The manufacture of this equipment is a very complex one, which took us a lot of time. 这一仪器的生产非常复杂，结果花了我们很多时间。（译成结果状语从句）,5） He wishes to write an article, which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city. 他想写一篇文章， 以此来引起公众对这座城市空气污染的关注。（译成目的状语从句） 6）He likes Miss Nancy very much, who despises him. 尽管南希小姐很讨厌他， 他却很喜欢她。（译成让步状语从句）,5、特种定语从句的翻译 特种定语从句主要是指由which 或as多或少引导的非限定性定语从句，which或 as多或少指代整个主句。 由 which引导的 定语从句常译成“从而”、“因而”。由as表及里引导的定语从句常译成“这”、“如”、“像”等词。例如： 1）Light travels in straight lines, which explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object. 光以直线传播， 这说明光经过物体时形成阴影的原因。 2）To find the pressure we divide the force by the area on which it presses, which gives us the force per unit area. 要求压强， 则把力除以它所作用的面积，从而得出单位面积上的力。,3) Metals have many good properties, as has been stated before. 金属有很多良好的性能， 这在前面已经讲了。 4) As is known to us, diesel engines are cheaper to run than gasoline engines. 正如我们所知， 使用柴油机比使用汽油机便宜。,Put the following into Chinese, paying special attention to the techniques of the translation of attributive clauses. 一合译： 1. In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all. 在存放电子计算机的房间，不能有一点灰尘。 2. I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people. 我要充分利用我剩下的岁月，尽量为人民多做些事情。,二分译： 3. The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy. 能量从一种形式变为另一种形式， 这一过程称为能量转换。 4. They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines, without which the yield would be halved. 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿， 没有杆搭架子， 葡萄产量就会减少一半。,三混合译： 5. You compare her with your English - women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day; and naturally you find her a sylph. 你们英国女人每天狼吞虎咽地吃上三粲到五粲的肉食， 你们拿她来比她们， 当然觉得她是窈窕仙女了。 6. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。,四特种定语从句译法： 7 He is a professor, as is clear from his manner. 他是个教授，这可以从他的举止上明显地看出来。 8.They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us. 他们对我们的要求置之不理， 这是我们大家都十分生气。,五译成状语从句： 9. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cant carry out creative work and completely replace people. 尽管电子计算机有很多优点， 但是它们不能进行创造性的工作，也不能完全代替人。（让步） 10. We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction of which may be reduced greatly. 我们必须给机器的可动部件加油， 以便使摩擦大大减少。（目的）,四、状语从句的翻译(Translation of Adverbial Clauses) 将状语从句译成汉语时, 一般应按照汉语的语序习惯来译, 即根据从句所表达的不同语气和意义, 可将状语从句放在句首, 也可以放在句尾。必要时也可以将其译成一个单句或其它从句， 如定语从句等。我们通常可以采用以下几种方法来翻译状语从句。,1前置译法 1) While she spoke, tears were running down. 她说话时， 泪水直流。 2) Please turn off the light when you leave the room. 离屋时请关灯。 3）It was better in case they were captured. 要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。,4) While I grant his honesty, I suspect his memory. 虽然我对他的诚实没有异议， 但我对他的记忆力却感到怀疑。 5) No matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, Ill work harder.” 不管他遭受什么不幸事儿， 他总是把胸一挺， 说：“没关系， 我再加把劲。” 6) Though I were starving, I would not ask a favor of him. 我纵然饿死，也不去向他求助。,2后置译法 1) The steel is heated until it becomes red. 将钢加热到发红。 2) We should start early so that we might get there before noon. 我们应该早点动身， 以便中午前赶到那里。,3) I could understand his point of view, in that Id been in a similar position. 我能够理解他的观点， 因为我自己也有过类似的处境。 4) Electricity flows through a wire just as water flows through a pipe. 电流通过导线，正像水流过管子一样。 5You can drive tonight if you are ready. 你今晚可以出车， 如果你愿意的话。 （这种欧式句型经借用以后， 已经成了汉语的一种组句方式， 并为中国读者所接受，但译成这样的句式要视上下问的语境， 千万不可刻意为之，如使用不当， 效果截然相反。）,3译成分句 1) The tape recorder is so small that you can carry it in your pocket. 这台录音机体积小， 可以把它放在衣袋里。 2) They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid. 他赎金还没有交， 他们就把他放了。 3) Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。,4) I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say. 就算你说得对，我仍然认为你做错了。 5) After all, it did not matter, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free. 反正关系不大， 二十四小时以后他们就要自由了。 6）Most comets are so dim that they cannot be seen by the naked eye. 大多数慧星都很暗， 肉眼是看不见的。,Put the flowing sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the translation of adverbial clauses. 1. The crops failed because the season was dry. 因为气候干旱， 作物欠收。 2. Most parts of that machine will be made of plastics instead of metal so that its weight may be greatly decreased. 那台机器的大部分零件将不用金属而用塑料制成， 为的是大大减少其重量。,3. He is very ignorant so much so that he cannot read his own name. 他非常无知， 连自己的名字都不会写。 4. They had not been married a month before they quarreled. 结婚未满月， 夫妻已反目。 5. He was old and poor, though he was happy. 他又老又穷，但过得很快活。 （though用在主句之后， 有时表达转折的意思。有时还可以译为“可是”，“不过”， “然而”等。）,6. Wise men love truth, though fools shun it. 聪明的人热爱真理，而愚蠢的人却回避真理。 7. She will never accept any dictates, no matter where they come from. 她决不会接受无论来自哪一方面的任何霸道行径。（译成定语从句。） 8. He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her. 为了不惊醒她， 他轻轻地推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。,五、长句译法 英汉两种语言句式结构不同, 汉语重意合, 而英语重形合, 句子往往比较长。这是因为在英语句子中修饰成分和并列成分较多， 而且各种短语或从句充当句子成分， 从而形成枝杈横生的“参天大树”。翻译长句时，首先要通过句法分析弄清原句的基本结构， 判断句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句， 并找出句子的主要成分。还要进一步弄清主要成分和修饰成分之间的种种关系，迹象表明判断各修饰成分的归属以及句中代词所指代的对象。 在正确分析和理解原文的基础上， 翻译时还要注意运用恰当的汉语表达手段使译文通顺、达意。翻译长句时一般使用下面几种方法：,1.顺译法 汉语的表达习惯是多用小句子， 多用较短的前置修饰语， 词语相对稳定并通常按时间顺序或逻辑顺序来安排词语和句子的先后位置。因此， 在翻译英语长句时通常可采用“断句”和“变序”的方法。如果原文所叙述的一连串动作基本上按动作发生的时间先后安排或原句的内容按逻辑关系安排时，翻译时则可按照原文顺序译出。例如：,1) Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 87年前， 我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家， 它以自由为立国之本， 奉行所有人生来平等的原则。 2) The statement declared that the international order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen. 声明宣称国际秩序必须改变， 否则发达国家与发展中国家之间的差距将继续扩大。,3) Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through practical work. 历来只有真正老实劳动者， 才懂得劳动生产财富的道理， 才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想， 而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动， 为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。,2. 倒译法 倒译法是指颠倒英语长句的语序， 将句子成分的前部分放到译文的后部， 或将后面部分放到译文前面。这样易会更加符合汉语习惯。 1) A student of mathematics must become familiar with and fix in mind the signs and symbols, the definitions and technical terms in mathematics, in order that he may be able to have the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for further study. 为了能打下数学基础， 掌握好数学，以便进一步学习深造， 一个学数学的人必须熟悉并牢记数学中所用的记号和符号， 定义和术语。,2) A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 50年代后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观：穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人。正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。,3. 分译法 分译法是翻译长句时常用的方法。所谓“分译”， 就是将长句的某些成分从句子主干中拆开， 另作处理。运用分译法可以使疑问层次清楚、简洁明确。当原句中的从句或修饰语与主句间的关系不十分密切时， 可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯把从句或短语化为句子， 分开叙述。例如：,1) Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 制造过程可分为单件生产和批量生产。单件生产指少量的生产，批量生产生产指大量相同零件的生产。,2) Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. 关贸总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国条款， 每一个成员国给予其他成员国的进口货物的待遇至少应和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。,3) The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。 这场比赛在发扣球、转球、保险球、吊球和扣杀反面技术都十分精湛， 最后打成平局。他们看得简直入迷了。,4.重新组合译法 所谓“重新组合”， 就是脱离原句的层次和结构的安排， 按汉语叙事论理的习惯重新组合成句。运用重新组合法来翻译可以摆脱原文语序和句子形式的约束， 使译文自然、流畅， 更加符合汉语的表达习惯。当原句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同时， 则可打破原文词序和结构， 按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序重组句子。这是长句翻译中较难掌握的一种方法， 需要有较好的母语和外语驾驭能力。例如：,1) It is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes to a feeling of well-being whether or not exercise adds to the length of life. 不管运动是否能延年益寿, 但一定量的运动可以增进健康并使人精神愉快, 这一点却是人们共有的体验。,2) They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 对于以往的几代人来说， 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段， 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以生存的体力劳动。 因此， 首先体验到科技进步之害的是穷人。,Put the following long sentences into Chinese. 1. The united Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors. 联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。（顺译）,2In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago-although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it. 虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多， 而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分， 但事实上， 各学科之间界线却变得越来越模糊不清， 科学再次近似与两百年前那样的“单一整体”。（倒译）,3. My mother died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass away. 我的母亲是在她88岁那年去世的. 这对于一位40岁就身体纤弱、被公认为有痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说， 是难得的高龄。(分译),4. Lest one assume that a knowledge of electronic structure enabled chemists to arrange the elements in systematic table, it should be noted that electrons were not known until over 30 years after the table was in use. 必须指出， 周期表使用了三十年以后， 人们才知道电子； 而决不要认为是化学家们知道了电子结构以后， 才排成元素周期表的。 (重组),