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一、动词的时态I.一般现在时通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。 1.有一顺口溜体现了be的用法： 我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复数都用are 肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他 否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语 + am/ is /are(否) No,主语 + am /is/are not缩写形式: Im = I am Thats =That isWere =We are Whats= What is Youre = You are Whos = Who isTheyre =They are Wheres =Where is Hes =He is isnt=is notShes =She is arent=are not Its = It is 2.行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词 词尾加s或es 肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数 ， 否定式:主语+助动词 dont/doesnt +动词原形+其他 疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: dont = do not doesnt =does not3.注意：have的第三人称单数为has 用法：( 1.)表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用, eg. He has a brother. (2.)表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun. (3).表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作 . eg. Here es the train. (4).在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 . eg.Ill go with you if you are free tomorrow. II.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。 1.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加ed,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。 肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 + 其他 eg. I got up at six this morning. 否定式:主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.John didnt live here last year. 疑问式:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.Did you see him a moment ago? 简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语 +did (否)No , 主语 + didnt. 2. 用法 ：(1)主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. eg.My father was at work yesterday. (2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用. eg.He always went to work by bus last summer. (3)和when等连词引导的状语从句连用. eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest. (4)常与表示过去的时间状语, 如 ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用. eg.They began the work two months ago. Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was. III.一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 1. 结构： 助动词shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will. 肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will .(否)No,主语+shall/will+not 缩写形式: ll =shall/willshant= shall not wont = will not 2.用法: （1）表示将要发生的动 作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year. Maybe Chinas population _ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year xx. （2）表示某种必然的趋势 eg. Fish will die without water. 解析： 1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求. eg. Where shall we have the meeting? Will you please lend me your pen? （3）当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等. eg. I will give you an EnglishChinese dictionary for your birthday. （4）在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时. eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there. （5）be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时. a.表示主观意愿.打算等. Eg. Hes going to learn English next term. b.根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况 eg. Look at the black clouds! It is going to rain. IV:现在进行时表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。 1.结构： am/is/are + 动词的ing形式 2.用法： (1)表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look, listen连用. eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room. (2)表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days. (3)表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:e, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon. 3.注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science. 4.练习题： (1)Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center _ . A.once a week B. in a week C. next week D. for a week (2)Be quiet! The baby _ (sleep) in the next room. (3)Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he _ (meet) her in her office tomorrow. (4)The bell for the class rang while they _ (play) on the playground. (5)Lucy said it _ (rain) later on. V:现在完成时表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。 一、结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词 二、用法:1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, this year, so far等连用.eg. I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了) 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词. 解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin, start, die, buy, leave, e等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中. eg. Ive left Shanghai for three days.() Ive been away from Shanghai for three days.( ).I left Shanghai three days ago. ( ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( ) 3.现在完成时中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等连用. eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里) gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地, eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里) been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days, since I came here等连用. eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there. 4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday, in 1991,three days ago last time, last night等连用一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系. 5.现在完成时中的 for 与 sincefor + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点/从句I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. 6. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时7.have got, has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got=has VI:过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作 一、结构： 助动词had + 动词的过去分词 二、用法： 1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去“.表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语,也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示. eg. By the end of last term, we had learned a thousand English words. He had finished his homework before his father came back last night. 2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去. eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式 had not = hadnt . 确定动词的形式 1. be busy,what about等后用动词的ing 形式. 2.在介词后一般应用动词的ing 形式. 3.在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的ing 形式. 4.在动词 decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell,want,teach 之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即 “ask sb. to do sth.”的形式 5.在see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词不定式符号“ to”, 但在被动句中, 应添上to. 6.在 Its time(for sb.)to do sth. Its kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语. 7.疑问代词/副词 (why 除外) + to do sth. 结构,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语. 练习题： 1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _(blow) the earth away. 2.Mr Smith kept on _ (ask) the players to rememberTEAMWORK 3.Alice didnt hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesnt know how _ (do) the problem. 4.The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him _ (carry) it for her. .动词的语态动词的语态表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者一、被动语态 (一)、结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词. be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样. 一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词 一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词 现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词 2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词 否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成. 用法:3.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者. eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 4.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来表示. eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me. （二） 练习题: 把下列句子变为被动句: .谓语动词填空 2019-2020年中考英语二轮复习语法与题型专项材料：第5讲 动词There is a beautiful island located(位于) at the outer east side of the Zhujiang River mouth, which(1)_(call) Hong Kong. It lies to the west of Macao and (2)_(face) to the South China Sea. On the north it is connected(相连) with the Shenzhen Special Economical Zone.It (3)_(cover)about 1,075 square kilometers (平方公里)and includes three main partsHong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula(半岛) and New Territories. There are more than six million people in Hong Kong, of which about 98 percent are Chinese. Its weather is suitable and its scenery（风景） is very beautiful.Although its area isnt very large, its economy（经济）（4）_(develop)quickly. Todays Hong Kong (5)_|_ already_ (bee) the famous heart of the international trade, finance(金融), shipping, travel and information. It (6)_(keep) the foreign trade relations with over 170 countries. It has a lot of skyscrapers(摩天大楼) and docks. It attracts several million travelers all over the world.About 109 years ago, Hong Kong (7)_ (occupy) (强占) by the English invaders （侵掠者）and (8)_(rule) for nearly one century. This is the great shame（耻辱）for the Chinese nation.On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong returned to the embrace(怀抱) of our motherland again. This is one of the greatest events in the 20th century. It (9)_ (end) the English rule. It shows that Chinese people have wiped out the shame. It(10) _(write) in the historical records forever.BOnce there lived an old man in a town. He always 1 (forget) a lot of things. So his wife always had 2_ (say) to him, “3 _ (not forget) this.”One day, he went on a long trip alone. Before he left home, his wife said, “ Now you 4_ (have) all these things. They are what you 5 (need) for your trip. 6 _ (take) care of your things during the trip.” He went to the station. He bought a ticket and got on the train with it.About an hour later, the conductor began 7 (check) the tickets. He came to the old man and said, “Will you please show me your ticket?” The old man looked for his ticket in all his pockets, but he 8 (not find) it. He was very worried. “I cant find my ticket. I really bought a ticket before I got on the train,” said the old man.“I think you are right. I believe you 9 (buy) a ticket,” said the conductor kindly. But the old man still looked worried and said sadly, “You dont know why I am worried. If I dont find my ticket, I 10 (not remember) my station. Where am I going.C Bananas dont grow on trees. They grow on a thick stalk(茎) that (1)_(look) just a little like a stalk of corn. The stalk is soft enough (2)_( cut) with a knife.It takes about a year before bananas are ready to be picked. Some are as small as fingers. Others are as long and thick as mens arms. Some banana plants grow as tall as a house even taller!Not all bananas are eaten as fruit. Some never get sweet, and they (3)_(cook) as a kind of vegetable.People in most countries never see a banana until it reaches the store. But if you visited a country where its hot and rains a lot all the year, you(4)_(see) a banana plantation(种植园), a large farm where bananas grow.The tasty fruit doesnt e from a seed （种子）but from a root(5)_( plante) deep in the ground. First a stalk pushes up into the air. Then leaves (6)_(appear). In the beginning the banana plant grows very fastsometimes as much as the length（长） of your feet in one night. Soon, sweetsmelling flowers appear, and when their flowers drop off, bananas begin to grow.As they get bigger, bananas start(7)_( turn) up. It looks as if theyre growing upside down!Bananas are ready to eat when they turn soft and yellow. But they(8)_( pick) long before this when theyre hard and bright green. This is because bananas have to travel many miles before they arrive at a store. On trucks and boats and trains bananas travel all over the world. There are special boats just for bananas and special trains that keep them just cool enough so that they (9)_(get) ripe while(10)_( travel). If bananas are picked when they are ripe, they will spoil(变坏) on the way.DUN Year of DesertsThe United Nations 1_ already _(name) xx as the International Year of Deserts（国际沙漠年）. The UN wants people 2_(notice) the beauty and wonders of deserts throughout the world.But the United Nations also wants to pay attention to the dangers the world faces as more and more land bees desert. Large amounts of land that could once grow crops 3_( bee) desert. Food 4_no longer _(grow) in those areas. More land is lost to be desert each year.Special habitatsDeserts are special environments, Its home of many different animals and plants. For thousands of years, deserts have also been home of many civilizations（居民）.Deserts are fragile environments. The UN is hoping to protect the older deserts as well as _(stop) new deserts from forming.The dangersExperts believe that onethird of the earths land surface 6_( threaten)（威胁） by the loss of farmland. When the land dries up and bees desert, people cannot grow enough crops to eat. Experts believe this danger 7_( effect) 1 billion people. Africa has been especially hard by 8_(grow) deserts. Experts believe about twothirds of Africas people are threatened by this loss of farmland.CausesPeople and climate change 9_( cause) much land to turn to desert. People cutting down too many trees has harmed the land. So more cropland is lost each year, more and more people try to live for the remaining good land. This speeds up the harm to the land.Scientists are using pictures 10_(take) from space to describe the growing deserts.EProtect wild animalsA thousand years ago, Hong Kong (1)_(covered) by a thick forest. As more and more people came to live in Hong Kong, these trees (2)_(cut) down and burnt. Now there is no forest (3)_(leave), though there are still some small areas are covered by trees. We call these woods. Elephants, tigers, and many other animals used to live in the thick forest. When people came to live in Hong Kong, the animals began to die out. Early farmers grew rice and( 4)_(keep) pigs and chickens in the valleys（山谷）. They cut down the trees and burnt them. They needed fire( 5)_( keep) themselves warm in winter, to cook their food and to keep away from the dangerous animals. Elephants quickly disappeared because there was not enough food for them. So( 6)_(do)most of the wolves and tigers. Monkeys and many other animals soon died for the same reason.You might think that there are no longer any animals in Hong Kong except in the zoos. But there are still about 36 different animals( 7)_(live)there. One of the most interesting animals in Hong Kong is the barking deer. （赤麂）These are beautiful little animals with a rich brown coat and a white patch under the tail.It(8)_(look) like deer but they are much smaller. They are less than two feet tall. They make a sound rather like a dog barking. There are now not many barking deer( 9)_(leave). So it is important for people to protect them and other wild animals.FHeavy schoolbags Are you carrying too much on your back at school? Im sure lots of children of your age (1)_( say) “yes”. Not only do the students in China have this problem, but also children in the United States have heavy schoolbags.Experts (2)_( start) to worry that younger and younger students (3)_ (have) back and neck problems as a result of schoolbags being too heavy for them.“Its hard for me(4)_( go) upstairs with my bag because its too heavy,” said Rick Hammond, an 11yearold student in the US.Rick is among students who have mon schoolbags with two straps(带子) to carry, but many students(5)_( choose) rolling(有滚轮的) bags.But even with rolling bags, going upstairs and getting on buses are still problems for children. Many of them hurt their backs or necks because of the heavy schoolbags.But how much is proper for them? Doctors say students(6)_(carry) no more than 10% to 15% of their own body weight(重量).Scott Bautch, a back doctor, said children under Grade 4 should stay with 10%. But it is also important that other children dont stay with over 15%, because their bodies (7)_ still_( grow). “Children are losing their balance and falling down with their schoolbags,” he said.Parents and teachers are starting to tell children to only take home the books they need (8)_( read) that night. Some teachers are using pieces of paper or thin workbooks for students (9)_(take) home.One of the best answers is, as some children (10)_(say), to have no homework at all! GIf you look at the sky one night and see something （1）_(move) and shining that you (2)_ never _(see) before, it might be a et (彗星).A et sometimes looks like a star. Like a planet, a et has no light of its own. It shines from the sunlight it reflects (反射). Like the earth, a et (3)_(go) round the sun, but on a much longer path (轨道) than the earth travels.If a et isnt a star, what is it then?Some scientists think that a large part of a et is water frozen into pieces of ice and (4)_(mix) with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock. When sunshine melts (融化) the ice in the et, great clouds of gas go trailing after it. These clouds, together with the dust, form a long tail. Many people perhaps (5)_(see) a et. However no one knows how many ets there are. There (6)_( be) millions of ets, but only a few e close enough for us to see.An Englishman (7)_(name) Edmund Halley, who lived from 1656 to 1742, found out a lot about the paths that ets take through the sky. Some ets move out of our sight and never e back. Others keep (8)_(e) back at regular times. A big et that keeps ing back was named after Halley because he was the one who worked out when it(9)_(e) back again. Maybe you have ever seen Halleys ets because the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986. Then people all over the world were outside at night to look at it. You (10)_probably _( see) Halleys ets when it es near the earth again.第五讲 动词
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