外文翻译-差速器

差速器根据汽车行驶运动学的要求和实际的车轮、道路以及它们之间的相互关系表明：汽车在行驶过程中左右车轮在同一时间内所滚过的行程往往是有差别的。例如，转弯时外侧车轮的行程总要比内侧的长。另外，即使汽车作直线行驶，也会由于左右车轮在同一时间内所滚过的路面垂向波形的不同，或由于左右车轮轮胎气压、轮胎负荷、胎面磨损程度的不同以及制造误差等因素引起左右车轮外径不同或滚动半径不相等而要求车轮行程不等。在左右车轮行程不等的情况下，如果采用一根整体的驱动车轮轴将动力传给左右车轮，则会由于左右驱动车轮的转速虽相等而行程却又不同的这一运动学上的矛盾，引起某一驱动车轮产生滑转或滑移。这不仅会使轮胎过早磨损、无益地消耗功率和燃料及使驱动车轮轴超载等，还会因为不能按所要求的瞬时中心转向而使操纵性变坏。此外，由于车轮与路面间尤其在转弯时有大的滑转或滑移，易使汽车在转向时失去抗侧滑能力而使稳定性变坏。为了消除由于左右车轮在运动学上的不协调而产生的这些弊病， 汽车左右驱动轮间都装有差速器，后者保证了汽车驱动桥两侧车轮在行程不等时具有以不同速度旋转的特性，从而满足了汽车行驶运动学要求。 同样情况也发生在多桥驱动中，前、后驱动桥之间，中、后驱动桥之间等 会因车轮滚动半径不同而导致驱动桥间的功率循环，从而使传动系的载荷增大，损伤其零件，增加轮胎的磨损和燃料的消耗等，因此一些多桥驱动的汽车上也装了轴间差速器。 差速器的结构型式选择，应从所设计汽车的类型及其使用条件出发，以满足该型汽车在给定的使用条件下的使用性能要求。 差速器的结构型式有多种。大多数汽车都属于公路运输车辆，对于在公路上和市区行驶的汽车来说，由于路面较好，各驱动车轮与路面的附着系数变化很小，因此几乎都采用了结构简单、工作平稳、制造方便、用于公路汽车也很可靠的普通对称式圆锥行星齿轮差速器，作为安装在左、右驱动轮间的所谓轮间差速器使用；对于经常行驶在泥泞、松软土路或无路地区的越野汽车来说，为了防止因某一侧驱动车轮滑转而陷车，则可采用 防滑差速器。后者又分为强制锁止式和自锁式两类。自锁式差速器又有多种结构型式的高摩擦式和自由轮式的以及变传动比式的。1 对称式圆锥行星齿轮差速器普通的对称式圆锥行星齿轮差速器由差速器左、右壳，2个半轴齿轮，4个行星齿轮(少数汽车采用3个行星齿轮，小型、微型汽车多采用2个行星齿轮)，行星齿轮轴(不少装4个行星齿轮的差逮器采用十字轴结构)，半轴齿轮及行星齿轮垫片等组成。由于其结构简单、工作平稳、制造方便、用在公路汽车上也很可靠等优点，最广泛地用在轿车、客车和各种公路用载货汽车上有些越野汽车也采用了这种结构，但用到越野汽车上需要采取防滑措施。例如加进摩擦元件以增大其内摩擦，提高其锁紧系数；或加装可操纵的、能强制锁住差速器的装置-差速锁等。由于整速器壳是装在主减速器从动齿轮上，故在确定主减速界从动齿轮尺寸时，应考虑差速器的安装。差速器壳的轮廓尺寸也受到从动齿轮及主动齿轮导向轴承支座的限制。 2 强制锁止式防滑差速器充分利用牵引力的最简单的一种方法是在普通的圆锥齿轮差速器上加装差速锁，必要时将差速器锁住。此时左、右驱动车轮可以传递由附着力决定的全部转矩。当汽车驶入较好的路面时，差速器的锁止机构应即时松开，否则将产生与无差速器时一样的问题，例如使转弯困难、轮胎加速磨损、使传动系零件过载和消耗过多的功率等。由于上述种种原因，强制锁住差速器的方法未得到广泛应用。3.自锁式差速器为了充分利用汽车的牵引力，保证转矩在驱动车轮间的不等分配以提高抗滑能力，并避免上述强制锁止式差速器的缺点，创造了各种类型的自锁式差速器。用以评价自锁式差速器性能的主要参数，是它的锁紧系数。为了提高汽车的通过性，似乎是锁紧系数愈大愈好，但是过大的锁紧系数如前所述，不但对汽车转向操纵的轻便灵活性、行驶的稳定性、传动系的载荷、轮胎磨损和燃料消耗等，有不同程度的不良影响，而且无助于进一步提高驱动车轮抗滑能力。因此设计高通过性汽车差速器时，应正确选择锁紧系数值。一般越野汽车的低压轮胎与地面的附着系数的最大值为0.70.8(在干燥的柏油或混凝土路面上)，而最小值为0.10.2(在开始溶化的冰上)。可见相差悬殊的附着系数的最大比值为 8。因此，为了充分利用汽车牵引力，差速器的锁紧系数K实际上选定为8就已足够。而汽车在不好的道路和无路地区行驶的实践表明，各驱动车轮与地面附着系数不同数值之比，一般不超过34。因此选取K34是合适的，在这种情况下汽车的通过性可以得到显著的提高，而其转向操纵等使用性能实际上并不变坏。自锁式差速器有滑块-凸轮式、蜗轮式、自由轮式等多种形式。Differential According to the requirements of vehicle kinematics and the actual wheel, road and the mutual relations between them that in a moving vehicle in the course of the wheel around the same time as a scrolled off the itinerary is often the difference. For example, when turning the wheel outside than the inside of the total trip length. In addition, even if a vehicle traveling straight, also due to wheel around the same time as a scrolled off the surface of the different vertical wave, or a wheel about tire pressure, tire load, tread wear and the different levels, such as manufacturing error factors about different diameter wheel or rolling radius of the wheels do not require the same itinerary ranging. Trip around the wheels in the range of circumstances, if we adopt an overall drive axle vehicles will pass around momentum wheels, the wheels will be driven around because of the speed and although the same itinerary but different in this campaign of the contradictions, have caused a drive wheel to slide or slip. This will not only premature tire wear and not conducive to consumption of power and fuel and to drive axle vehicles such as overloading, but also because they can not according to the requirements of the instantaneous center to manipulation of deterioration. In addition, because the road between the wheel and in particular at a major turning to slide or slip easily in the vehicle to spin when the loss of the ability and stability deteriorate. In order to remove the wheel because of kinematics about the lack of coordination caused by these shortcomings, cars are equipped with about differential between the driving wheel, which guarantee the bridge on both sides of the wheel drive vehicle in the range when a trip to the speed of rotation of different characteristics, so as to meet the requirements of the automobile on kinematics. The same situation also occurred in the bridge drive, before and after the bridge between the driver, during and after the bridge between the drive wheels rolling, and so will lead to different radius of the bridge between the power-driven cycle, thus enabling transmission The load increased, damage its parts, increased tire wear and fuel consumption, some more bridge-driven cars also with the differential between the shaft. The differential structure of choice, should be designed by the type of vehicle and its use conditions, to meet this type of vehicle in a given under the conditions of the use of the use of performance requirements. The differential structure of a variety. Most cars are all road transport vehicles in urban traffic on highways and the automobile, because the roads better, the drive wheel and the road attachment coefficient little change, almost all adopted the simple structure, steady work, Manufacturing convenient for road vehicles are reliable general symmetrical cone planetary gear differential, as installed on the left and right driving wheel of the so-called round of the differential between the use of the regular traffic in the mud, loose dirt roads or areas Another Day The off-road vehicle, in order to prevent side of a car driven roller sports cars to turn depression, can use non-slip differential. The latter is divided into mandatory locking-and-two types of self-locking. Self-locking differential has a variety of types of high-friction-free and the wheel and variable-ratio transmission. 1. Symmetrical cone planetary gear differential General symmetrical cone differential planetary gear differential from the left and right shells, two axle gear, four planetary gear (a small number of cars using three planetary gear, small, micro-car use of two planetary gear), Planetary gear shaft (many with four planetary gear caught for the poor structure of a cross-axis), the axle gear and planetary gear pads, and other components. Because of its simple structure and work steadily to create convenience for use in highway vehicles are very reliable, and other advantages, the most widely used in cars, buses and cars laden with all kinds of highway on. Some off-road vehicles using this structure, but off-road vehicle use on the need to take anti-skid measures. For example, to add friction components in order to increase its internal friction and enhance its locking factor, or the installation of manoeuvrable, the differential can be locked mandatory device - such as differential lock. As for speed the whole shell is installed in the main driven gear reducer, the slowdown is the main sector in determining the size driven gear, the differential should consider the installation. The outline of the differential shell size has been driven gear and active-oriented gear bearing supports the restrictions. 2.Lock-style non-slip differential mandatory Make full use of traction the most simple method is in the ordinary bevel gear differential on the installation of differential lock, if necessary, will be locked differential. At this point the left and right wheel drive transmission can be decided by the adhesion of all torque. When the car into a better road, the differential lock agencies should immediately release, otherwise, they will have no differential with the same problem when, for example, difficult to change, accelerated tire wear so that the transmission parts and overload excessive consumption of power, and so on. As a result of these various reasons, the compulsory lock the differential approach has not been widely used. 3.Self-locking differential To make full use of vehicle traction to ensure that the torque between the drive wheels, ranging from distribution to enhance the ability of anti-sliding, and to avoid the mandatory locking differential for the shortcomings and created all kinds of self-locking differential to evaluate self-locking differential of the main parameters, it is the locking factor. In order to improve the car passed, the greater factor seems to be locking better, but too much of the locking factor as mentioned earlier, not only for the vehicle to manipulate the light flexibility on the stability of the transmission of the load, tire wear and fuel consumption, there are different degrees of adverse effects, but does not help to further enhance the anti-slide wheel drive capability. Thus the design of the car through the high differential, they should correct choice of numerical locking. General cross-country vehicles with low-pressure tires attached to the ground for maximum coefficient of 0.7 to 0.8 (the dry asphalt or coagulating on the road), while the minimum is 0.1 to 0.2 (at the beginning of the melting ice). This shows that the difference between the attachment coefficient for the largest ratio of 8. Therefore, in order to make full use of vehicle traction, the locking differential coefficient K actually selected for the eight is enough. The car in the bad roads and areas. Another day on the practice shows that the drive wheels with the ground attached to different numerical coefficient ratio, generally no more than 3 to 4. So select the K =3 4 is the appropriate, in which case the adoption of the vehicle can be significantly improved, and its use to control such as performance is not deteriorating. Self-locking differential with the slider - Cam, worm-style, free wheel, and other means.39- -