2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解精练（5）.doc

2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解精练（5）科普知识型阅读理解 专题导读科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。 这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：1文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。真题典例【xx湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has e up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species.The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the teampared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific munity that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“Wenow have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should bee a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.”()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _.Athe Asian elephant Bthe forest elephant Cthe savanna elephant Dthe mastodon elephant ()2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_.”Aevolution Bexhibition Cseparation Dexamination ()3.The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants _.ADNA Bheight Cweight Dpopulation ()4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly about?AThe conservation of African elephants.BThe purpose of studying African elephants.CThe way to divide African elephants into two units.DThe reason for the distinction of African elephants.()5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?ANaturalists Beliefs about ElephantsBAmazing Experiments about ElephantsCAn Unexpected Finding about ElephantsDA Long Scientific Debate about Elephants【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。1D细节理解题。根据第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team pared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判断选D。2C词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。3A细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team pared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选A。4A逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should bee a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。5C主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。社会生活型阅读理解For all the dinner table, a glass of milk seems to be a constant, at least it was when I was growing up.It was widely believed that milk was integral in building strong bones and teeth.Theres no doubt that dairy products(乳制品), and milk in particular, are high in protein and calcium, and most milk products are supplemented with Vitamin D and A.While its well known that our bones need calcium, some studies suggest that high calcium intake doesnt necessarily lower a persons risk for fractures(骨折)A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.Theres no doubt that we need calcium. Some antidairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to heart disease.Much of this claim is based on high fat and high dairy products, like cheeses and creams, which may indeed contribute to cardiovascular problems.Some studies have linked high milk intakes with a risk of prostate cancer; this seems to be caused by highfat dairy products, not dairy in general.Although milk was always regarded as one of the most important things we need for our bones, yet least promoted, factors involved in strengthening bones.Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food.If you like it, eat it.If not, findsome_others.Because some claims may not be pletely true. When I eat a cream, Im not thinking about calcium, protein, or any such thing.Im thinking delicious.()1.Which of the following is TRUE on the milk?AThe more milk you drink, the more risk for fractures you might be.BThe more milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be.CThe less milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be.DThere is no link between them.()2.Some antidairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to except_.Acardiovascular problemsBheart diseaseCprostate cancerDstomach cancer()3.The underlined words “some others” in the last paragraph refer to_.Adairy productsBmilkCfood Dcream()4.Whats the authors attitude towards milk?AHe doesnt like milk any more. BHe used to drink milk as a child.CHe regards milk as a nutrient.DHe always cares about calcium, protein when he eats something.()5.We can learn from the text that_.Aall the claims are not pletely trueBhigh milk intakes can lead to cancerCits necessary for you to reduce milk intakesDgive up milk for your health【解析】1D细节理解题。根据第二段的“A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.”可以推断出牛奶的饮用量和骨折之间没有必然的联系。2D细节理解题。根据第三段的有关信息可以得知文中没有涉及胃病的问题。3C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food. If you like it, eat it. If not，find some others.”可知作者的观点是如果喜欢就用，不喜欢就换其他的食品(物)。4B推理判断题。根据第一段的“.at least it was when I was growing up”可以推断出作者在小时候是常常喝牛奶的。5A推理判断题。由“Because some claims may not be pletely true”可以得知并不是所有的声明都是完全正确的。由此可知选A。科普知识（阅读理解）由 (xx安徽“江南十校”高三联考) 改编US scientists have fixed experimental sensors (传感器) in some cities to map wind patterns and provide possible lifesaving information in a chemical or biological attack.Two test models,in the form of nine-meter high aluminum (铝) towers,are now undergoing testing in New York City,one in Greenwich Village and the other near Times Square.Half a dozen similar sensors have been fixed in and around Washington.Simulations (模仿) of terrorist attacks carried out since the Sep.11,2001 attacks have stressed the importance of finding out as soon as possible those areas that would be most affected by giving out poisonous gas or radioactive material into the air.Now,the only reliable sources of information on wind speeds and direction are major airports,which are generally located too far away from city centers to be of much use.The experimental sensors measure wind strength and direction 10 times per second.The information is downloaded through the Internet to puters that can turn out a detailed wind map,updated every 15 minutes.Addressing a recent House of Representatives mittee meeting,the director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAAs) “Air Resources” laboratory,Bruce Hicks,stressed the importance of developing the wind mapping program.“The wind sensors now being tested were produced by scientists recognizing theres a real problem and wed better start handling it fast or else well get into trouble.”Hicks said.Funds(资金) during the testing period had been provided by the new Department for Homeland Security which will decide whether to fix sensor networks in major US cities,if the experiment should have positive results.1.The purpose of developing the wind mapping program is to .A.get lifesaving information during terrorist attacksB.get useful information about weather changesC.map the speed and direction of the windD.prevent possible terrorist attacks2.According to the text,the information from major airports is .A.slowly downloadedB.not quite reliableC.quickly updatedD.not very useful3.From the text,we can learn that the wind mapping program .A.has been put into practical useB.is being experimentedC.is just an idea under discussionD.has finally failed for lack of money4.What is the text mainly about?()A.Scientists mapping wind to sense terrorist attacks.B.Whether wind mapping program is useful or not.C.How the wind mapping program works.D.The importance of wind mapping program.语篇解读:美国科学家在很多主要城市安装了测量风向的传感器,目的是更加精确地为防范生化武器的袭击提供信息。答案及剖析:1.A推理判断题。由文章第一段的.to map wind patterns and provide possible lifesaving information in.attack可知选A项。2.D细节理解题。由第四段的描述可知,来自主要机场的信息离市中心太远,以至于它们提供的信息用处不大,故选D项。3.B细节理解题。由第二段和最后两段可知,the wind mapping program 正在测试当中,故选B项。4.A主旨大意题。文章的第一段为本文的主题段,由此可知A项正确。【疑难词汇解读】1.undergo v.经历,经受She is undergoing surgery.她正在接受手术。2.poisonous adj.有毒的New furniture often gives out something poisonous.新家具常释放有毒的东西。【长难句子分析】 自2001年9月11日的恐怖袭击以来,针对恐怖袭击进行的模仿已经强调了通过释放有毒气体或放射性物质的方法尽快弄清那些可能受到影响的地方的重要性。