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2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习非谓语动词教案 新人教版动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,统称为非谓语动词。热点考向一非谓语动词作状语1. 分词作状语(1)分词作状语的形式形式意义 doing主动、进行having done主动、完成(先于谓语动词发生)done被动、完成;用作形容词,表状态 being done 被动、进行,意为“正在被做” having been done被动、完成(2)分词作状语的基本原则:分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则一般不能使用分词作状语。(3)分词作状语的句法功能:分词作状语,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。Hearing the news,they got excited.(时间) 听到这个消息,他们很激动。Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)虽然他被多次告知,但他仍然犯同样的错误。The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随状况)老师走进了实验室,身后跟着一些学生。Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it.(原因)因为被蛇咬过,她很害怕它。Given a chance,I can surprise the world.(条件)如果我有机会,我会让全世界感到惊讶。The cup dropped to the ground,breaking into pieces.(结果) 杯子掉到地上,摔碎了。2. 不定式作状语不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。(1)不定式用来作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,往往译作“为了,想要”。To be a winner,you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。To plete the project in time,the staff were working at weekends.为了及时完成这项工程,全体员工周末加班。(2)不定式用于:so.as to.;such.as to;enough to.;too.to;only to等结构中往往用来作结果状语。Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?你能不能行行好,借给我你的自行车?Hes such a fool as to think that his idle chatter can influence others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他的闲扯能影响别人。He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。(“onlyto do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构)注意 :(1)不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别:不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的或不愿看到的结果,而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。His parents died,leaving him an orphan. 他的父母去世了,使他成为孤儿。(2)不定式与形容词连用时,大多表示原因,用来作原因状语。这些形容词主要有:happy,kind,surprised,frightened,angry,shocked,glad,delighted,disappointed等。Im very glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我非常高兴。3.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有: generally speaking 一般来说; frankly / honestly speaking 坦白地 / 老实说; judging from / by 根据.来判断; seeing / given 考虑到; considering/ taking into consideration/ account 考虑到; supposing / suppose (that) 假如 provided / providing (that) 假如 amusing 假使 pared to / with 与相比4. 独立主格结构作状语(1)含义:非谓语动词前带有自己的逻辑主语,称为独立主格结构。(2)名词/代词非谓语动词不定式往往表示没有发生的或即将发生的动作,动词ing形式表示正在进行的动作或状态,动词ed形式往往表示已经完成的行为。Many things to settle, the manager looks worried. 许多事情要处理,经理看上去很着急。Weather permitting, we will go swimming. 如果天气允许的话,我们就去游泳。 Everything considered, the plan is better. 把一切因素考虑在内的话,这项计划还不错。(3)with / without名词/ 代词宾语补足语若宾语和的关系是主动关系,则宾补该用v.ing分词;若宾语和补语之间的关系是动宾关系,则宾补该用v.ed分词;若宾补所表示的动作有将来的意味,则宾补用不定式形式。With so many people looking at her,she felt nervous. 这么多人看着她,她感到很紧张。With their work finished, they went home. 工作完成后,他们就回家了。With so much work to do,I cant go swimming with you.因为有很多工作要做,我不能和你一起去游泳了。热点考向二非谓语动词作定语1. 分词作定语v-.ing 作定语表示主动、进行;being done作定语表示被动、进行;done作定语时表示被动、完成。 The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动,正在进行)“Things lost never e again!” I couldnt help talking to myself.我不禁自言自语道:“覆水难收啊!”(被动,完成,表状态)The boy standing there is my brother.我从未看过更感人的电影。(主动,进行)2. 不定式作定语(1) 不定式作定语表将来的动作。The car to be bought is for his sister. 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。(2) 不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。(如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,后面须有相应的介词)The Browns have a fortable house to live in. 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。He has no pen to write with. 他没有钢笔写字。(3)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为主动关系 He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这个工作最好的人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女性。(4)被修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 你具备读写英语的能力吗?I have no chance to go sightseeing. 我没有机会外出观光。 特别注意:不定式作主语时,若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者,则用主动形式表被动含义;若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者,则用被动型是。Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)热点考向三非谓语动词作宾补1. 分词作宾补(1)过去分词作宾补表完成、被动。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,hear,find,leave,want,make等。I saw the horse tied to a tree. 我看到这匹马被拴在树上。People found the thief escaped. 人们发现那个小偷逃跑了(2)现在分词作宾补表进行、主动。可接现在分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,hear,find,get,leave,notice,watch,keep,start,set,catch,smell,feel,send,listen to,look at等。The old man heard the cock crowing. 这位老人听到公鸡在打鸣。Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听到有人在敲门吗?2. 不定式作宾补(1)有些动词及动词短语后接带to的不定式作宾补,即“动词/ 动词短语 + sb + to do”。常见的此类动词或短语有:advise,allow,ask,beg, cause,mand,encourage, expect,forbid,force,get,intend, invite,order,permit,persuade,prefer, require,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend on,call on,wait for等。You are not allowed to smoke here. 此处不允许抽烟。He depends on you to help him with his English. 他指望你帮助他学英语。(2)接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词或短语有:make, have,let等使役动词以及see,watch,notice, observe,feel,hear等感官动词。(如果此类动词或短语用于被动语态,则to不可省略。)动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略,也可以保留。I can let you have one ticket. 我能让你得到一张票。I wont have you say such things. 我可不允许你说这样的话。She was seen to enter the managers office ten minutes ago.十分钟前有人看见她进了经理办公室。特别注意: 下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语: sb. be said / believed / known / reported / considered / thought + to do/ to have done sth.He is said to have been cheated in the street. 据说,他在大街上被骗了。热点考向四非谓语动词作宾语1. 常接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语。口诀记忆: 考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape。 此外,be used to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,thank you for,apologize for,be busy(in),have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。2. 常接不定式作宾语的动词。口诀记忆:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。 decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。3. 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:forget rememberregret stoptry meango on cant help4. 动词need,require,want作“需要”解时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要被做。这时动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外,need,require,want后可以接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语,表示“需要/想要/要求某人做某事”。即:need/want/require(需要)be worth be worthyeg: The window needs/requires/wants 窗户需要擦一下。This place is 这个地方值得参观。热点考向五非谓语动词作主语、表语1. 不定式作主语,一般表示具体的某次动作,常用it作形式主语。动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念,常用it作形式主语。常用于固定句型 Its a waste of time doing; Its no use / good doing; It is useless / nice / interesting / doing ; There is no等中。 It is exciting to surf the Internet. 上网是件令人兴奋的事Smoking is not allowed here. 此处禁止吸烟。Its no use arguing with him about it. 和他争论这件事情是没有用的。There is no joking about such serious matters. 这样严肃的事情开不得玩笑。2. 当现在分词和过去分词作表语时,它们大多数是已经形容词化的现在分词或过去分词,而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词。现在分词通常表示“某事/物令人感到”,而过去分词则表示某人的感受,意为“感到的”。这样的词常见的有:interesting“有趣的”,interested“感兴趣的”;exciting“令人兴奋的”,excited“感到兴奋的”;disappointing“令人失望的”,disappointed“感到失望的”等。这类现在分词作表语时,一般是物作主语;而过去分词作表语时,则一般是人作主语。The story sounds interesting. 那个故事听起来有趣。She is interested in the story. 她对那个故事感兴趣。
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