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语法知识英语动词4种时态：1、一般现在时：常与表示程度或频度的词连用，如：often（经常） , usually（通常，一般） , sometimes（有时） , always（总是，一直） , never（从不）,表示经常性或习惯性的动作,表示现在的特征或状态,表示普遍真理。用动词原形表示，第三人称单数后，动词要在词尾加s（或es，或变y为i再加es）。如：I often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:30.2、现在进行时：表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。用am / is / are 加 动词ing形式表示，如: What are you doing? I am reading a book. What is he doing? He is singing.3、一般将来时：常与表示将来的时间连用，如：tomorrow , next week , next year 等,表示将要发生的动作或情况。用 am/ is/ are 加 going to形式表示，如：What are you going to do tomorrow? Im going to ride a horse. 用will 加动词原形表示，如：What will you do next Sunday? I will go shopping. 用am/ is/ are 加动词ing 形式表示，如：What are you doing tomorrow? Im going bowling.4、一般过去时：经常与表示过去的时间连用, 如: yesterday, last night等, 表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。动词要用动词的过去式。如：Who was first? Ken was first.Where were you yesterday? I was at home.What did you do yesterday? I went to school.形容词的比较级和最高级：1、单音节词：比较级加er, 最高级加est. 如：talltallerthe tallest,He is taller than his brother. Tom is the tallest in his class.2、多音节词和部分双音节词：比较级加more, 最高级加 the most. 如：interesting-more interesting-the most interesting,Music is interesting subject. P.E. is more interesting than music.Science is the most interesting subject.形容词变为比较级的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，在形容词的词尾直接加er。如: talltaller shortshorter.(2)以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾直接加r，如：nicenicer. latelater (3)以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加er.如：bigbigger thinthinner fatfatter (4)以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节形容词，先变y为i , 再加er。如：easyeasier heavyheavier funnyfunnier.（2）、部分形容词比较级的不规则变化：goodbetter wellbetter badworse badlyworse manymore muchmore littleless farfarther动词ing的变化规律：1）直接加ing ，如： open-opening, clean-cleaning, meet-meeting, sing-singing, study-studying, 2） 去掉词尾不发音的e ，如：take-taking, close-closing, come-coming, drive-driving, have-having, use-using, write-writing, practice-practicing, 3） 重读闭音节的，双写最后的字母，加 ing , 如： sit-sitting, put-putting, begin-beginning , get-getting, swim-swimming, run-running, cut-cutting, become-becoming, 主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化规律(与名词变复数规律相同)： 1） 直接加s， 如：cook-cooks, come-comes, close-closes, 2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾+es , 如: teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does, catch-catches, wash-washes, brush-brushes, miss-misses, 3） 辅音字母加y结尾，把y改为i ，+es， 如：fly-flies, worry-worries, carry-carries, 4） 以f或fe结尾，把f或fe，改为v+es.5） 特殊：have-has, 6）家庭、亲属和朋友：姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好：与你的关系 words: family, grandfather(grandpa/granddad), grandmother(grandma/grand mum), father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, friend相关句型: 1) Is he/she Toms cousin? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isnt. 2) Whos he/she? Hes/Shes my friend. 3) How many people are there in your family? Who are they? There are four, my father, my mother, my brother and me.注意： 1）名词单复数，如：family-families; 名词单数-复数规律: （1）1） 直接加s， 如： boy-boys, term-terms, 2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾+es , 如: box-boxes, class-classes, glass-glasses, coach-coaches, dress-dresses, fax-faxes, inch-inches, match-matches, 3） 辅音字母加y结尾，把y改为i ，+es， 如：baby-babies, lady-ladies, factory-factories, peach-peaches, library-libraries, watch-watches , 4） 以f或fe结尾，把f或fe，改为v+es: leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, shelf-shelves, 5） 特殊: man-men, policeman-policemen, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, 6) 不变: hair, milk, tea, coffee, water, bread, rice, paper, juice, meat, people, fish, sheep, （2）名词所有格，表明是“谁的” 如： my cousins , his parents它的构成规则： 单数名词后+“ s”， Mikes mother.复数名词词尾有，其后只+“ ”，Teachers Da教师节.若是两人共有时，只在后者+ “s ”,Jim and Toms mother.吉姆和汤姆的母亲。不是两者所共有的，两者都+ “ s ”,Jims and Toms mother.吉姆母亲和汤姆的母亲。名词若是无生命，所有格构成用of, a map of China.一幅中国地图I一般过去时态 定义：表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。结构：“主语+动词的过去式”用法：1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 He was here yesterday. I got up at seven yesterday morning. My mother was at work yesterday afternoon. Did you have a good time last summer?2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 My mother often went to work by taxi last year. When I was a student, I often listened to music.3. 常与一般过去时态连用的时间有：一般过去式的用法： 一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句, 如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。 I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。 一般过去式构成：表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词 原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。4. 一般过去时的标志词: last year; last night yesterday (+morning, afternoon, evening) in +过去时间词: in 1998 II 过去式规则变化（a）动词词尾+“ed”。 walk walked（走）need needed （需要）（b）动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d”。 live lived （住）like liked （喜欢）（c）动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”加“ied”，若是词尾为“元音字母+y”，只加“ed”。 study studied （学习）playplayed （游戏）（d）原形动词词尾为重读闭音节时，先双写该辅音字母再+“ed”stop stoppedIII 过去式规则变化(一) 不变1.cut cut 2.let let 3.put put 4 read read 5must must（二）改成a1. come came 2.become became 3. begin began 4. drink drank5.have had 6.run ran 7. sit sat 8.ring rang9. sing sang 10.swim swam 11.give gave （三）改成ght1. think thought 2.fight fought 3.bring brought 4. buy bought5. catch caught 6. teach taught（三）改成t1.keep kept 2.sleep slept 3.sweep swept 4.feel felt5.spend spent 6.learn learnt 7.mean meant （四）改成ew1.blow blew 2. know knew 3.grow grew 4. draw drew5.throw threw 6. fly flew （五）改成o1.get got 2.forget forgot 3.write wrote 4.ride rode 5.drive drove6.sell sold 7.tell told 8.stand stood 9.understand understood10.speak spoke 11.hear heard 12.take took (六)其他形式1.make made 2.hear heard 3.eat ate 4.mean meant5.say said 6.find found 7.meet met 8.see saw9.can could 10.shall should 11.will would 12. may might13.go went 14.see saw 15.wear wore 时态时间标志口诀集锦 1. 一般现在时：“总经常有每没（美眉）复星周” 总：always， usually等 经常：often 有：sometimes （记住，“有”不是have，而是“有时”） 每：every week/month/year 等 没：never 复星周：on Mondays， on Tuesdays等 2. 一般过去时：“昨天上个XX（读作叉叉）前，in加年份when字连”（原创） 昨天：yesterday， 后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening等 上个：last，后面可以加week， month，year等 XX前：ago，前面可以加three weeks/months/years ago in加年份：in 2009/2008/1986/1220等，2010前全用一般过去时，后年2012前就都是过去时了，2012，世界末日？电影看多了。 when字连：when I was a child等 when字后面都是过去时，也要用一般过去时。 3. 一般将来时时间标志口诀：正好和一般过去时对应：“明天下个XX后” 明天：tomorrow，后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening 下个：next，后面可以加week， month，year等 XX后：after和in，后面可以加three weeks/months/years 这里要注意一下，after后加时间点才表示将来，如after 3 oclock 。加时间段表示过去，如after 2 hours 表示过去。in后加时间段表将来，如in two years。 4. 现在进行时：“现在时刻看和听，最近在哪请安静。” 现在：now， at present， at the moment等 时刻：Its ten oclock. Im beating Xiaoqiang. 看和听：Look！ Listen！后面一般都用现在进行时。 最近：What are you doing recently/these days？ 在哪：Where is Xiao Z？ Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang. 请安静：Be quiet！/Dont make any noise！/Stop making noise！ Xiaoqiang is sleeping.
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