2019-2020年高考英语语法精讲精练-介词和介词短语.doc

2019-2020年高考英语语法精讲精练-介词和介词短语介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀pre-（在前部）+position（位置）”构成的，所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词，主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（或动名词短语）、名词性从句等。分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成合成词into, onto, throughout, upon, within短语介词由短语构成according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来considering(就而论), including，regarding，concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能例 句作定语They didnt find the solution to the problem.作状语We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）作表语When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.作宾语补足语I found the old building in a bad condition.介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念介词（短语）区 别例 子时间inonatat在一个时间点上；in在一段的时间之内；on在具体日子。at 8 oclock, at noonin the 1990s, in Januaryon Monday, on a warm morningsincefromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。We have not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercises from today.in,afterin指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the endat the end ofby the end ofin the end作“最后”、“终于”解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示“在末梢”，“到尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在结束时”，“到末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.位置betweenamong一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley lies between high mountains.They dont know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.inontoin表示在某范围内；on指与什么毗邻；to指在某环境范围之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper. There is an interesting article in thenewspaper. He dug a hole in the wall.inintoin通常表示位置（静态）；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。We walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corner on the corner at the cornerin the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides指“除了还有，再加上”；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示“除了外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无就，只是”表明理由细节。All went out besides me. All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念构成例 子动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）at+名词at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战 at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest在休息 school在上学 at press正在排印at church在做礼拜beyond+名词beyondbelief难以置信 beyondcontrol不听管教。 beyondpare无可比拟 beyonddescription难以形容beyondexpression无法表达 beyondsuspicion无可怀疑in+名词或in+名词+of+名词in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 inuse开始使用 insight看得见 instore贮藏着incourseofconstruction正在兴建当中。 in(good)repair维修良好的incourseofshipment.定的货正在运输途中。 inchargeof负责 inthechargeof由负责 inpossessionof拥有 inthepossessionof被拥有on+名词on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch值班 on duty值勤/日。on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工on sale出售 on loan借贷on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 on the march在行军on the air在广播 onfire在燃烧。ontrial在试用 onshow/display/ exhibition在展出under+名词under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中under test在被测试 under construction在建设中under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中underarrest被逮捕 underattack受到袭击undermedicaltreatment在治疗中 understudy在研究中其他against ones opinion反对某人的见解for ones opinion同意某人的见解abovereproach无可指责，无可非议 abovesuspicion不受怀疑abovecriticism无可指责at the mercy of在支配下；任由摆布forsale供出售 forrent供出租 withinsight看得见2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词搭配意义absent(be) absent from缺席(be) absent in不在这里而在afraid(be) afraid of担心(be) afraid for为而担心angry(be) angry with sb.对某人生气(be) angry at/about sth.因某事而生气anxious(be)anxious for sth急于想得到(be)anxious about sth./sb.对某事/某人担心different(be) different from与不同(be) different to不关心familiar(be) familiar with精通，熟悉(be) familiar to为熟知（悉）good(be) good at擅长于(be) good for对有益(be) good to对友好/态度好popular(be) popular with sb.受欢迎(be) popular for因而流行strict(be) strict with sb.对某人要求严格(be) strict in sth.对某事要求严格3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类 型举 例差一冠词，大相径庭in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部） in charge of（负责）in the charge of（由负责）out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同know sb.认识某人know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）母语思维，误用介词be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for some place动身去某地（不用to）set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着方向（不用to）do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和不同（不用with）with the help of在的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of）read sth. to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用for） Although my opinion, the old professor didnt e up with his own. A. against B. on C. for D. inSome people choose jobs for other reasons money these days. A. for B. except C. besides D. withSome students often listen to music classes to refresh themselves. A. between B. among C. over D. duringThis is a junior school. You should go to a senior school girls of your age. （xx北京卷）A. for B. about C. from D. to the silence of the pauses, we could hear each others breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats. A. In B. For C. Under D. BetweenSorry, Madam. Youd better e tomorrow because its the visiting hours. （xx福建卷）A. during B. at C. beyond D. beforeThis new model of car is so expensive that it is the reach of those with average ines. A. over B. within C. beyond D. belowIt was a pity that the great writer died his works unfinished. A. for B. with C. from D. ofWhat do you want_those old boxes? To put things in when I move to the new flat. A. by B. for C. of D. withLuckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain _an inch. A. by B. at C. to D. from 现将（xx）六年来高考全国卷和各省市自主命题卷所涉及到的介词短语及固定搭配总结如下，以便考生熟悉这一块的考点。英语汉语意义英语汉语意义above ones ownin front ofabove averagein generalaccording toin honour ofafter allin need ofalong within ones mindapart fromin other wordsas a result (of)in placeas well asin place ofbe convinced of sth.in praise ofbe curious about sthin returnbecause ofin search ofbelow averagein shortbeyond controlin sightbeyond descriptionin spite ofbeyond reachin terms ofbeyond repairin the direction ofby chancein the form ofby means ofin turnby naturein vainby oneselfinstead ofexcept fornext tofar fromof ones own agefor one thingon averagehear fromon condition thatin addition toon ones mindin allon purposein case（of）on the other handin detailon timein doubton top ofin effectregardless ofin exchange forto the pointin face ofwith regard toin favour ofwithin easy reach说明：例题请见以下的高考链接部分。xx年1.（全国卷I）Everybody was touched _ words after they heard her moving story. A. beyond B. without C. of D. in 2.（重庆卷）Try on this red skirt; you will look great it.A. on B. by C. in D. for 3.（福建）How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! Its a challenge, I guess, man against nature. A. of B. for C. by D. about 4.（陕西卷）He invited me to a dance after the show Christmas Eve. A. at B. on C. in D. by 5.（北京卷）The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way, _ little foreign ownership.A. by B. of C. with D. from6.（辽宁卷）Children need friends their own age to play with.A of B for C in D at7.（山东卷）It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _ easy reach. A. near B. upon C. within D. around 8.（四川卷）A great person is always putting others interests _ his own.A. below B. above C. in D. on9.（湖南卷）Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems themselves, and solve their problems _ themselves. A. to; by B. by; to C. for; to D. in; on 10.（全国卷II ）Jenny nearly missed the flight _ doing too much shopping. A. as a result of B. on top of C. in front of D. in need of11.（xx天津卷）The art show was _ being a failure; it was a great success. A. far from B. along with C. next to D. regardless of 12.（江苏卷）This special school accepts all disabled students, _ educational level and background.A. according to B. regardless of C. in addition to D. in terms of13.（湖北卷）Youd sound a lot more polite if you make a request _ a question. A. in search of B. in the form of C. in need of D. in the direction of 14.（湖北卷）His efforts to raise money for his program were _ because, no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. A. in place B. in sight C. in effect D. in vain xx年1.(北京卷)Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are everyones enjoyment. A. in B. at C. for D. to2.(湖北卷)It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money _favors to them.A. in preference to B . in place of C. in agreement with D. in exchange for3.(江苏卷)So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is _ideal. We have to work still harder.A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to4.(江西卷)We give dogs time, space and love we can spare, and , dogs give us their all.A. in all B. in fact C. in shortD. in return5.（江西卷）Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients name, not case number.A. of B. as C. byD. with6.(天津卷)My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowed with tourists.A. by B. on C. for D. against7.(重庆卷)The dictionary is what I want, but I dont have enough money me.A. by B. for C. in D. with8.(福建卷)More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities space.A. in search of B. in place of C. for lack of D. for fear of 9.(辽宁卷) I agree to his suggestion _the condition that he drops all charges.A. by B. in C. on D. to 10.(四川卷)Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.A. in B. below C. beside D. against11.(浙江卷)I guess weve already talked about this before but Ill ask you again just _ . A. by nature B. in return C. in case D. by chance12.(上海卷)Sean has formed the habit of jogging the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.A. between B. along C. below D. withxx年1.（大纲卷）This shop will be closed for repairs_further notice. A. with B. until C. for D. at2.（北京卷）With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken_ color. A. byB. for C. with D. in3.（上海卷）Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you _ the tough years.A. through B. up C. with D. from4.（湖北卷）When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of5.（山东卷）Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy_ the past couple of weeks.A. beyond B. with C. among D. over6.（安徽卷）Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek_ food safety problem.A. in B. to C. on D. after7.（浙江卷）I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained _.A. onB. for C. by D. of8.（四川卷）Nick, its good for you to read some books _China before you start your trip there. A. in B. for C. of D. on9.（天津卷）He was a good student and scored _ average in most subjects.A. below B. of C. on D. above10.（重庆卷）Shirley, a real book lover, often brings home many books to read_ the library.A. in B. for C. by D. from11.（江苏卷）Wed better discuss everything _before we work out the plan.A. in detail B. in general C. on purpose D. on time 12.（福建卷）_ good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dished.A. Far from B. Apart from C. Instead of D. Regardless of 1. Leaves are found _ all kinds of trees, but they differ greatly _ size and shape.A. in; onB. in; fromC. on; byD. on; in 2.Being exposed for a long time _ strong sunlight might seriously damage your skin.A. in B. under C. to D. over3.Ballet is not popular _ our city because most people think it is too expensive to take the classes.A. in B. withC. among D. on 4.We should talk about the things _ the childrens understanding in a simple way.A. over B. beyond C. above D. under5.Most pop music is influenced, _ a greater or less degree，by the blues.A. to B. onC. for D. within6.Putting the worries out of her mind，Mary turned her efforts _ the evening meal.A. to B. beyondC. off D. inside7.How the famous actor treated us made me feel he was not an important person out _ reach, but kind big brother.A. from B. of C. over D. to8. I found the island a wonderful place for our experiments _ the hot weather.A. besides B. except for C. except D. except that9. Traveling _ a speed of 160 kilometers per hour, we have covered a distance of 120 kilometers _ less than 50 minutes.A. with; in B. at; in C. with; for D. at; for10. Guangdong lies _ the south of China and still to the south, _ Qiongzhou Strait, is the Hainan island.A. to; across B. to; on C. in; across D. in; to11. _ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. A. WithB. As C. As for D. Because A 12. _ their return, they were praised as national heroes.A. AtB. ByC. OnD. With 13. Its _ me why Alice gave up her job and got married.A. under B. above C. over D. beyond14. The voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not _ the sea even though they didnt have modern navigational aids. A. at the expense of B. at the risk of C. in the way of D. at the mercy of 15.The new tax policy only affects people on yearly ines over ￥120,000, the very rich.A. by the way B. as a result C. in other words D. as a manner of16.The big snow lasted nearly half a week. What was worse, they were trapped in the mountain and badly _ food.A. in search of B. in the hope of C. in want of D. in charge of17. With your brothers help, Ive made great progress in English and I really want to do something for him _.A. in turn B. by turns C. in return D. in answer 18. People in Los Angels have no idea of distance on the map，so they measure distance _ time not miles.A. by way of B. by means of C. for lack of D. on account of19.To keep safe_ an earthquake，you should remain at a spot in your room where nothing may fall on you.A. in search of B. in advance of C. in terms of D. in case of 20.Mr.Clark working in our pany is from the United States. But he is a Canadian _.A. by origin B. by natureC. by source D. by history 21.The pany has changed some of its working practices _ plaints and criticism from the customers.A. in respect to B. in return forC. in exchange for D. in response to22.After running for a mile yesterday，I was almost _, not feeling bad，though.A. out of shape B. out of breathC. out of control D. out of order23.After the quarrel, I tried all my best to remove the misunderstanding between us，but all my efforts seemed _.A. in vain B. in caseC. in time D. in trouble 24.Many of the scientists and engineers are judged _ how great their achievements are.A. in spite of B. in charge ofC. in favor of D. in terms of25. _ I was keen on jazz, bu