2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习专题训练第三部分专题三推理判断题.doc

2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习专题训练第三部分专题三推理判断题Passage 1xx甲卷(全国),D体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文植物如何进行自我保护2896分钟When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic pounds, VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch.In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dont know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to overhear the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on.32.What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises.B. It gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietly.D. It sends out certain chemicals.33.What does the author mean by the tables are turned in paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can.A. predict natural disastersB. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one another intentionallyD. help their neighbors when necessary35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The world is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than before.C. The world is more plex than it seems.D. People in Darwins time were more imaginative.Passage 2xx浙江,B体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文晚睡的坏习惯2116分钟Getting less sleep has bee a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest; most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone, says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results. 25.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A. American kids sleeping habits.B. Teenagers sleep-related diseases.C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A. 7 hours.B. 8 hours.C. 10 hours.D. 18 hours.27.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.B. They tend to do things that excite them.C. They follow their parents examples.D. They dont need to go to school early.Passage 3xx北京,B体裁话题词数难度建议时间记叙文小人物大作为3566分钟Surviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks from the beach. Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house. Its the ocean that makes Rockaway so special, she says.On October 29, xx, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalies family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the citys bridges closed.When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalies friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.My mom tells me that I cant control what happens to me, Natalie says, but I can always choose how I deal with it.Natalies choice was to help.She created a website page, matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down. Within days, Patricks collection was replaced. In the ing months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.Today, the scars(创痕) of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. I cant imagine living anywhere but Rockaway, Natalie declares. My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.59.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found .A.some friends had lost their livesB.her neighborhood was destroyedC.her school had moved to BrooklynD.the elderly were free from suffering60. According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?A.The people helping Rockaway rebuild.B.The people trapped in high-rise buildings.C.The volunteers donating money to survivors.D.Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.61.How did Natalie help the survivors?A.She gave her toys to other kids.B.She took care of younger children.C.She called on the White House to help.D.She built an information sharing platform.62.What does the story intend to tell us?A.Little people can make a big difference.B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.C.East or west, home is best.D.Technology is power.Passage 4xx四川,B体裁话题词数难度建议时间记叙文父亲劳动3135分钟Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey. And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgins chicken house in exchange for manure (肥料). The smell really burned the inside of your nose. When we plained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right. For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter. As the vegetables started ing in, Dad threw himself into cooking. One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew (炖菜). Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots. For about half an hour, the pressure built and the vegetables cooked. Finally, Dad turned off the stove, the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam. If we thought Dads pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse. When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out. Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house. Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak! Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around. It didnt look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didnt offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking petition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup!34.Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgins chicken house regularly? A.To earn some money for the family. B.To collect manure for his crops. C.To get rid of the terrible smell. D.To set a good example to us.35.What can we infer about Dads stew? A.It is popular among the neighbors. B.It contains honey and vegetables. C.It looks very wonderful. D.It tastes quite delicious.36.What does the underlined word offend in the last paragraph mean? A.To attract. B.To upset.C.To air. D.To shut.37.What can we learn about Dad from the text? A.He is an experienced cook. B.He is a troublesome father. C.He has a positive attitude to life. D.He suffers a lot from his disability.Passage 5xx重庆,C体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文水上行走2805分钟The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever acplishing such a thing without artificial aid we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the mon basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, wed need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate hitting.But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this mon thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a non-Newtonian liquid that doesnt behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles (粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.Fun though all this may sound, its still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink and take a shower afterward!44.Walking on water hasnt bee a reality mainly because humans.A.are not interested in itB.have biological limitationsC.have not invented proper toolsD.are afraid to make an attempt45.What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage? A.It is light enough to walk on water. B.Its huge feet enable it to stay above water. C.It can run across water at a certain speed. D.Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.46.What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage? A.To create a thick liquid. B.To turn the water into solid. C.To help the liquid behave normally. D.To enable the water to move rapidly.47.What is the authors attitude toward the idea of humans walking on water? A.It is risky but beneficial. B.It is interesting and worth trying. C.It is crazy and cannot bee a reality. D.It is impractical though theoretically possible.答案Passage 1本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。【段意梳理】第一段:一棵多叶的植物被攻击时,不是安静地忍受着,而是会释放出易挥发的有机化合物。第二段:科学家发现所有的植物在受到攻击时都会释放出该化合物。第三段:一些植物释放出带味的化学物质来驱赶昆虫。第四段:多方的研究证明,这些释放出的化合物好像帮助了它们的邻居。第五段:但科学家仍没有证实植物是否会互相交谈。第六段:通过达尔文的想象说明世界比人类所感知的更为复杂。【长难句解读】What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic pounds, VOCs for short.分析: 句中What引导主语从句,而且过去分词短语known as volatile organic pounds在句中作后置定语,修饰a mixture of chemicals。译文:植物通过空气所输送出的是一种被称作挥发性有机化合物的混合化学物,简称VOC。32.D考查细节理解。根据第一段的young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant可知,当植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。33.A考查句意理解。根据第三段中的The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch可知,正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被袭击了。故选A项。【技巧点拨】对于句意理解题而言,应结合上下文内容充分理解。34.B考查推理判断。根据第三段中的Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty.可知,植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。35.C考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。Passage 2本文是一篇说明文。在文章中,作者主要介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯以及坏习惯产生的原因和对坏习惯所采取的措施等。【长难句解读】Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.分析:本句是一个复合句。主句是the Foundation reported.,后面的that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day和15% said they had fallen asleep at school是两个并列的宾语从句。这两个并列的宾语从句中又各自包含一个宾语从句,分别是they felt tired during the day和they had fallen asleep at school。译文:去年,基金会报告说,几乎60%的7至12岁青少年说他们白天感到疲倦,而15%的青少年说他们上课的时候都睡着了。 25.A考查推理判断。根据文章第一段内容可知,该调查主要是对美国青少年的睡眠进行研究,所以选A项。26.C考查细节理解。根据文章第二段的For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的).可知,11岁的青少年最佳的睡眠时长是10小时,故选C项。27.B考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句和She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep.可推知,由于青少年睡前的活动都会使他们兴奋,所以他们很难静下心来睡觉,从而导致晚睡,故选B项。【干扰项分析】A项青少年受到身体里特定化学物质的影响是其他专家解释的原因,而不是Carskadon博士解释的原因,故排除;C项他们以父母为榜样,全文没有提到父母的生活习惯对子女的影响,故排除;D项他们不需要早点上学,文章最后提到部分学校推迟上学时间,这是应对青少年睡眠时间少的一种措施,而不是青少年晚睡的原因,故排除。Passage 3这是一篇记叙文。本文的主人公14岁的女孩纳塔莉主动参与重建遭受飓风重创的家乡。她建立了一个网站,将外界的捐赠者和家乡需要帮助的人联系起来,同时帮助很多孩子实现了自己的梦想。她应邀到白宫,并被授予荣誉称号。59.B考查细节理解。由题干的returned.after the hurricane可知,答案应该在第三段。纳塔莉一家在飓风过后回到家乡,发现街区已变为废墟(neighborhood in ruins),很多朋友失去了家园,并且住到了很远的地方。人们都在遭受苦难,特别是老年人。从这些信息可知选B。60.A考查细节理解。由第四段第一句中的the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie可知选A。61.D考查推理判断。由第七段可知,纳塔莉建立了一个网站,让捐助者与需要帮助的人通过这个网站建立联系,以此来帮助需要帮助的幸存者,因此选D。62.A考查主旨大意。本题给出的四句谚语的含义依次为:小人物也可以有大作为;患难见真情;金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝;技术就是力量。本文介绍的是14岁的小女孩纳塔莉帮助家乡进行重建工作的事迹,因此选A。Passage 4本文是一篇记叙文。没有什么能阻止父亲劳动他在乡下买了一个小农场,种植蔬菜、水果,饲养蜜蜂,还每周打扫Old Man McColgin的鸡窝来收集肥料。34.B考查细节理解。由第二段中的And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgins chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料).可知,父亲每周打扫Old Man McColgin的鸡窝是为了收集肥料。35.D考查推理判断。由最后一段中的It would never win a prize in a cooking petition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup!可知,父亲炖的菜很可口。36.B考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在段中的信息after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell以及I took a taste可知,后来炖菜的气味也不是很难闻。所以offend意为令人不适,这与B选项相符。37.C考查推理判断。从第一段中的Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country.以及下文父亲炖菜的经历可知,父亲的生活态度很积极。Passage 5虽然一些动物,比如一种蜥蜴,可以在水上行走,但是在水上行走一直是人类难以实现的梦想,本文介绍了一种可行的设想,不过目前仍然处于理论研究层面。44.B考查细节理解。根据第一段的第二句可知,人类不能在水上行走主要是因为其生理上的局限。45.C考查推理判断。根据第二段第四句中的20 steps per second可知,这种蜥蜴能够在水上以一定的速度行走。B项干扰性很强,但是蜥蜴并不是待在水面上,而是需要用脚快速击打水面。46.A考查推理判断。根据第三段的第二句可知,玉米粉的作用是使水变稠,制造出一种非牛顿流体。47.D考查观点态度。根据最后一段的陈述可知,作者认为该设想虽然理论上可行,但是操作上并不现实。