2019-2020年高考英语 必考话题分类解析 话题05 健康与饮食（Heath Foods）（含解析）.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 必考话题分类解析 话题05 健康与饮食（Heath Foods）（含解析）【话题解读】饮食与健康是高中英语新课标话题当中非常重要的两个话题，饮食与健康自古以来都是人们所关心的重大问题，尤其是随着社会进步和人们物质生活水平的提高，食物质量和安全问题以及身体健康更是受到了人们空前的关注，因此顺应时代潮流，高考英语对这两个话题更是有所体现。 由于饮食与健康是热点话题，高考英语中对这两个话题会涉及较多的考查内容，常以阅读理解、完形填空、语法填空以及书面表达的形式出现，例如xx年新课标卷I语言知识运用的第二节（语法填空），xx年四川卷阅读理解D篇，xx年全国卷七选五，xx年广东卷基础写作，xx课标全国卷阅读理解B篇，xx新课标全国卷阅读理解C篇等。 【相关词汇】.写作必记单词 1. benefitn.利益，好处 beneficialadj.有好处的2. burdenn.负担 3. fortableadj.舒服的，安逸的 unfortableadj.不舒服的，不自在的 fortn.&vt.安慰 4. harmn.&vt.伤害；损伤 harmfuladj.有伤害的 harmlessadj.无害的5. hurtvt.伤害，受伤；使痛心6. necessaryadj.必需的，必要的7. pressuren.压迫，压力8. reducevt.减少，缩减9. servevt.招待(顾客等)，服务 10. strengthenv.增强 strengthn.长处，优势 strongadj.强壮的.阅读识记单词11.abnormaladj. 反常的 12.acuteadj.严重的；(疾病) 急性的13.allergicadj. 过敏的14.appetiten .食欲，胃口15.bacteriumn .细菌16.bitteradj. 苦的，有苦味的17.bleedvi. 出血，流血 18.depressionn .抑郁症 depressvt.使沮丧，使意志消沉，使心灰意冷 depressedadj.抑郁的，沮丧的 19.digestvt. 消化；领会One question Im frequently asked is Whats the secret to a healthy diet? The answer isnt all that mysterious. You just have to keep some basic guidelines in mind, beginning with:经常有人问我：健康饮食有什么秘诀？ 其实答案并不神秘。你只需要遵循以下这些基本准则： 1. Use smaller plates. 用小点的盘子。Whether youre already trim or trying to lose weight, one of the best things you can do for your waistline and your health is to downsize your dishware. Cornell University nutrition researcher Brian Wansink, PhD, has found that switching from a 12-inch to a 10-inch plate leads people to eat 22 percent fewer calories. If you downsized only your dinner plate, youd be eliminating more than 5,000 calories a month from your diet. It really is that simple. 不管你是已拥有苗条身材还是想减肥，掌控你的腰围和健康的最好的办法之一就是缩小餐具的尺寸。康奈尔大学营养学研究员布莱恩文森克博士发现，把盘子从12英寸缩小到10英寸，可以使人们少摄入22%的卡路里。即使你只在晚饭时用小点的盘子，一个月下来你也可以从饮食中减少5 000卡路里的摄入。就是这么简单。2. Make half of every meal fruits or vegetables. 每顿饭都要保证一半是水果或蔬菜。 At breakfast, fill your bowl halfway with cereal, then top it off with berries or sliced banana. At lunch, eat a smaller or half sandwich, and add two pieces of fruit. At dinner, make sure your plate is at least 50 percent salad, broccoli, asparagus, cauliflower, or whatever veggie you choose. This ensures that you get enough nutrients and automatically reduces the amount of fat and calories you consume (provided you dont go crazy with fatty dressings and toppings). 早餐时可以吃半碗燕麦片，加浆果或香蕉片。午饭吃一个小点的（或半块）三明治和两块水果。晚饭保证你的餐盘里至少有50%的沙拉、西兰花、芦笋、花椰菜或者你自己喜欢吃的任何蔬菜。这不仅能保证你所需要的营养，而且能减少脂肪和卡路里的消耗（前提是你不迷恋多脂调味料和配料）。 3. Dont eat on the run. 吃饭要细嚼慢咽。The first problem with grabbing and gulping is that it usually means fast food. And even a smallish fast food lunch (small burger, medium fries, diet soda) delivers around 800 calories more than the average woman would want to get at dinner. When we eat on the go, our brains tend to register the food as a snack regardless of how many calories we consume leading us to overeat at our next meal. 狼吞虎咽通常意味着快餐。即使是很小份的快餐午饭（小汉堡、中包薯条、无糖汽水）热量也都有差不多800卡路里，这超过了一般女性想在晚饭时摄入的热量。当我们狼吞虎咽时，不管我们消耗了多少卡路里，大脑都会默认这些食物是零食，这会让我们下顿饭时吃得更多。4. The shorter the ingredient list, the better. 营养成分列表越短越好。Most of the healthiest foods have only one ingredient: Think broccoli, spinach, blueberries, etc. Longer lists generally mean more sugar, more salt, more artificial flavors. More unhealthy stuff. 绝大多数的健康食物都只有一种成分：比如西兰花、菠菜、蓝莓等。较长的营养成分列表通常意味着更多的糖和盐，更多的人工香料和更多的不健康的添加剂。 5. Nutritious food doesnt have to be expensive. 有营养的食物不一定昂贵。 The smart choices cost no more. In fact, there was a potential small savings associated with the healthy selections. And thats without considering such economical options as occasionally substituting beans or lentils for meat, or making a sandwich at home rather than spending money at a restaurant. 如果选择得当，有营养的食物并不昂贵。事实上，健康的选择甚至还可能省钱。偶尔用黄豆或扁豆来代替肉，或者是在家自己做三明治，而不是去饭店花钱吃，这些选择既经济又健康。 6. Take an extra ten minutes a day to prepare healthy meals. 每天多花十分钟时间准备健康的饭菜。 By devoting a few minutes to planning for more nutritious eating, you invest in your own health and that of your family. And when I say few, I mean it: Studies from UCLA suggest that a wholesome home-cooked dinner takes only about ten minutes longer to prepare, on average, than serving processed or ready-made food. If you make enough for leftovers youll save time in the long run. And dont forget: Obesity, diabetes, and heart disease all lead to doctor and hospital visits which take a lot of time. 每天花几分钟时间烹饪更有营养的饭菜，这对你和你的家人都有好处。这里说的几分钟，我是说真的：加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究认为，自己做一份有益健康的晚饭，比去饭店和叫外卖只约十分钟。如果你做的饭多得够下一顿吃，长期下来还会省下更多的时间。并且不要忘了：肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病会把你送进医院，这会浪费你更多的时间。 7. Retrain your palate. 反复训练你的味蕾。 As any 5-year-old or picky eater can attest, familiarity is a powerful driver of dietary preference. But taste buds are malleable and can be taught to appreciate new and subtler flavors. When you swap processed, high-fat, sodium-packed, and oversweetened food for healthier fare, it can take one to two weeks before your taste buds acclimate. Dont expect to love new flavors right away (and certainly dont expect your kids to). Just keep serving the new dishes, and soon neither you nor your palate will recall what all the fuss was about. 任何一个5岁的小孩和挑食者都可以证明，饮食偏好主要是因为对某种食物的熟悉。但是味蕾具有可塑性，可以学会接受新的微妙的味道。当你从高脂肪、高钠和高糖的饮食转变为较为健康的饮食时，你的味蕾可能需要一两个礼拜才能适应。不要指望立刻就能爱上新的口味（也不要指望你的孩子能）。继续吃对你来说新的菜肴，很快你和你的味蕾都会忘了刚开始的不习惯。8. Stop eating before you feel full. 吃饱之前就停止进食。Slow the pace of your meals. Pay attention to what youre eating. And call it quits when youre about 80 percent full. After a pause, youll likely find that mostly full is full enough. Studies indicate that simply by eating at a leisurely pace, you could drop up to 20 pounds a year. 放慢吃饭速度，注意看看你在吃什么。吃到八分饱时就不要再吃了。过一会儿你就会发现，八分饱就足够饱了。研究表明，只要放慢进食速度，你每年就能减掉20磅的体重。 9. Sit down to dinner with the entire family. 坐下来与家人共进晚餐。Kids who eat with their parents are less likely to consume junk food, less likely to overeat, and less likely to be overweight. Parents who eat with their children report greater satisfaction with family life. And families who eat together are far less likely to be plagued by eating disorders, drug use, smoking, and alcohol abuse. Thats a remarkable benefit to something as simple as sitting down together for a family meal. 和父母一起吃饭的孩子吃到垃圾食品、吃得太多和体重超重的可能性都比较小；和孩子一起吃饭的父母，会觉得家庭生活更幸福。而且和家人一起吃饭的人，很少有可能存在饮食不规律、滥用毒品、吸烟和酗酒的问题。只是和家人坐在一起吃饭这么简单的事情，好处就这么显而易见。10. You really are what you eat. 饮食决定你的身体状况。 The best way to keep your body humming is to eat a well-rounded, nutritious diet. As for better mental acuity well, you get the idea: Your brain depends on the vitality of your heart, lungs, liver, kidneys (you name the organ) to be in tip-top shape. The best way to bring out your best attributes is to foster your overall health through smart eating a diet that favors produce, grains, legumes, and lean sources of protein, such as fish and soy. 保持精力旺盛最好的办法就是营养全面的饮食。你要知道：你的大脑取决于你的心脏、 肺、肝脏和肾脏的活力是否处于最好的状态。为了让你有更好的精神敏锐性，最好的办法就是通过明智的饮食来获得全面的健康。饮食中需包含农产品如谷物、蔬菜，以及脂肪含量低的蛋白质，如鱼和豆类。Good food, good mood 好食物好心情From fast food to a bowl full of leafy greens, snacking on something we enjoy is a guaranteed pick-me-up. But not all food types are good for us in the long term. Heres a list of the mood-boosting foods that will keep you happy and healthy.从快餐到一整碗绿叶蔬菜，吃一些我们喜欢的食物能够保证我们精神亢奋。但长期看来，并非所有的食物都是对我们有益的。以下就是一些能使我们愉快健康的食物，它们能让我们的心情变好。Chocolate巧克力For obvious reasons, chocolate makes us very happy. But it doesnt just provide an instant fix to a low mood, it is also rich in magnesium, which helps calm your muscles and reduce anxiety.显而易见，巧克力能使我们十分开心。但是如果情绪低落，吃了巧克力并不会有立竿见影的效果，巧克力也富含镁元素，能舒缓肌肉，减少焦躁感。Spinach 菠菜Popeyes favorite leafy greens have some key ponents for improving your mood and helping prevent you from being depressed. Both folic acid and magnesium are key to mood boosting and can leave you feeling motivated for the rest of the day.大力水手最喜欢的绿叶蔬菜含有一些重要的成分，可改善心情，有助于预防沮丧感。叶酸和镁元素都是促进心情的关键元素，也都能使你在接下来的一天中充满动力。Banana香蕉Packed full of potassium, bananas dont just provide an energy boost and make you fuller for longer. The curved yellow fruits also help to battle depression due to high levels of tryptophan, which converts into serotonin to produce our happy moods.香蕉富含钾元素，不仅能增加能量，同时也能使你的饱腹感更持久。由于这种弯弯的黄色水果含有大量的色氨酸（能转化成使心情变好的血清素），因此它能帮助我们战胜抑郁症。多吃这些既能燃烧脂肪又能使心情变好的食物吧！Eggs鸡蛋If you want your mood to be as sunny as your eggs, then eating them regularly will certainly help. Yolks arent just tastiest part of the egg, but theyre also full of L-tryptophan to help increase happy hormones. Eggscellent!如果你想要让你的心情如鸡蛋一样阳光，那么经常吃鸡蛋一定会有效果。蛋黄不仅是鸡蛋中最美味的一部分，同时也富含左旋色氨酸，能促进令人愉悦的荷尔蒙的释放。太棒了！ Coffee咖啡A lot of us rely on a regular caffeine fix to boost our mood throughout the day, and it really does just that. But as well as giving us a temporary buzz, coffee is also known to lower risks of depression and increase dopamine and serotonin.很多人都会经常喝咖啡以使一天的心情变好，它也的确能改善我们的心情。咖啡除了能使我们暂时感到兴奋之外，还能降低患抑郁症的风险，增加多巴胺和血清素。高考试题一（xx年新课标卷I）题型体裁话题难度建议时间语法填空说明文食物中的脂肪和盐分与健康10分钟There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical munity（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical munity was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会收到损害。61. as 62. effects 【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是一些不为人知的副作用，根据前文的some可知副作用side effect有很多，故填effects。63. to process 【解析】考查不定式。句意：他们被要求加工食物 require表示要求， require sb. to do sth.表示要求某人做某事，被动形式为sb. be required to do sth.，表示某人被要求做某事。故填to process。64. are removed 【解析】考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉 分析可知fat，salt和move之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。65. a 【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示结果，句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。66. worse 【解析】考查比较级。句意：更糟糕的是，人们所吃快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。68. eating 【解析】考查动名词。句意：通过吃更多的快餐，人们将在饮食中摄入超过需求量的脂肪和盐。根据前文中的by可知此处应该填名词，所以填eat的动名词形式。故填eating。69. careful 【解析】考查形容词。句意：然而，注意不要走极端。分析语境可知be后面应该用形容词做表语，故填careful。70. which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的have too much of both摄入过多的脂肪和盐。故填which。高考试题二（xx年天津卷）题型体裁话题难度建议时间完形填空记叙文减肥成功的经历16分钟At my heaviest I weighed 370 pounds. I had a very poor relationship with food: I used it to 16 bad feelings, to make myself feel better, and to celebrate. Worried about my health, I tried many different kinds of 17 but nothing worked. I came to believe that I could do nothing about my 18 .When I was 50, my weight problem began to affect me 19 . I didnt want to live the rest of my life with this 20 weight any more.That year, I 21 a seminar where we were asked to create a project that would touch the world. A seminar leader shared her 22 story she had not only 125 lost pounds, but also raised $25,000 for homeless children. 23 by her story, I created the As We Heal(痊愈), the World Heals 24 . My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,000 25 a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger. This bination of healing myself and healing the world 26 me as the perfect solution. 27 I began my own personal weight program, I was filled with the fear that I would 28 the same difficulties that beat me before. While the 29 hung over my head, there were also signs that I was headed down the right 30 . I sent letters to everyone I knew, telling them about my project. It worked perfectly. Donations began 31 in from hundreds of people.Of course, I also took some practical steps to lose weight. I consulted with a physician（内科医生）, I hired a fitness coach, and I began to eat small and 32 meals. My fund-raising focus also gave me new motivation to exercise 33 .A year later, I 34 my goal: I lost 150 pounds and raised $50,000! I feel that Ive been given a second life to devote to something that is 35 and enormous.16. A. add B. mix C. kill D. share17. A. diets B. drinks C. fruits D. dishes18. A. height B. ability C. wisdom D. weight19. A. temporarily B. recently C. seriously D. secretly20. A. ideal B. extra C. normal D. low21. A. attended B. organized C. remended D. mentioned22. A. folk B. success C. adventure D. science23. A. Surprised B. Amused C. Influenced D. Disturbed24. A. project B. business C. system D. custom25. A. in search of B. in need of C. in place of D. in support of26. A. scared B. considered C. confused D. struck27. A. As B. Until C. If D. Unless28. A. get over B. run into C. look for D. put aside29. A. excitement B. joy C. anger D. fear30. A. row B. hall C. path D. street31. A. breaking B. flooding C. jumping D. stepping 32. A. heavy B. full C. expensive D. healthy33. A. regularly B. limitlessly C. suddenly D. randomly34. A. set B. reached C. missed D. dropped35. A. stressful B. painful C. meaningful D. peaceful【话题解读】这是一篇与健康话题有关的记叙文，作者讲述自己减肥成功的经历。作者通过给自己制定目标，然后坚持不懈地努力去战胜困难，不仅减肥成功，而且募集了50,000美元的资金，实现了自己的既定目标。通过这次经历作者也认识到自己投入到了意义巨大的事情上。16.C 根据下文中的to make myself feel better可知，作者用食物扼杀(kill)自己的坏心情。增加(add)，混合(mix)，分享(share)，都与语境不符。17.A作者担心自己的健康，为了控制饮食和体重试过许多种节食(diets)的办法。饮料(drinks)，水果(fruits)，菜肴(dishes)，都不符合语境。18.D 作者担忧自己的健康问题，但许多节食办法都没用，于是觉得对自己的体重(weight)没办法了。21.A 从选项的词义和搭配看，这里应该用动词attended与seminar(研讨会)搭配，表示作者参加了一个研讨会。22.B 研讨会的一个领导者讲述自己不仅减重125磅，还为流浪儿童募集了两万五千美元，这是一个成功(success)的故事。folk民谣，adventure历险，science科学，都不符合语境。23.C 作者受到这个领导者的故事的影响(Influenced)，创立了一个项目。使惊奇(Surprised)，逗笑(Amused)，打扰(Disturbed)，都不符合语境。24.A 这是作者创立的一个项目，因此用名词project表示项目，方案，project在下文多处被提到。25.D 作者的目标是减重150磅并募集五万美元来支持一项开始于30年前的旨在结束饥饿的运动，因此用in support of表示支持。in search of寻找;in need of 需要;in place of 代替。26.D 把个人的减肥与帮助解决世界问题结合起来，这让作者觉得这是完美的解决办法，动词strike可以表示(以某种方式)给某人留下印象，因此选D。注意动词strike的熟词生义，注意掌握其常见用法。27.A As引导时间状语从句表示当的时候，这里说的是当作者开始实施自己的减肥计划的时候，又担心这次会遇到(run into)和以前减肥中一样的困难。28.B run into表示遇到，与后面的difficulties呼应，表示遇到困难。29.D 上文提到作者的担心，害怕会遇到先前的那些困难，因此选D表示害怕。30.C While引导让步状语从句表示尽管，这里表示作者觉得自己这次走在正确的道路(path)上，因此选C。31.B 这里表示捐款大量涌来，flood在此用作动词表示涌进，符合语境。35.C 作者在这里发出感慨，自己在减肥的同时做了一件有意义的事：为流浪儿童募捐，因此选C。高考试题三（xx年新课标卷III）题型体裁话题难度建议时间阅读理解七选五说明文买鱼和烧鱼的常识6分钟Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 16 But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isnt difficult. 17 This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way. 18 Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that youre standing at the oceans edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isnt fresh. 19 When you have bought a fish and arrive home, youd better store the fish in the refrigerator if you dont cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isnt as tasty as the fresh one.Therearemanymonmethodsusedtocookfish. 20 First, cleanitandseasonitwithyourchoiceofspices(调料). Putthewholefishonaplateandsteamitinasteampotfor8to10minutesifitweighsaboutonepound. (Alargeronewilltakemoretime.) Then, itsreadytoserve. A. Donotbuyit. B. Theeasiestistosteamit. C. Thisishowyoucandoit. D. Itjustrequiresalittleknowledge. E. Thefishwillgobadwithinhours. F. Whenbuyingfish, youshouldfirstsmellit. G. Thefatsinfisharethoughttohelppreventheartdisease.【话题解读】文章主要介绍了一些买鱼和烧鱼的常识。带有强烈气味的鱼不新鲜，最简单的方法是蒸鱼。16.G 【解析】第一句Everyone knows that fish is good for health.是总写，But表示转折，说明But前面一句是对第一句的解释，G项鱼中的脂肪有助于预防心脏病符合语境，故选G。18.F 【解析】根据Fresh fish should smell sweet可知，本段讲的是买鱼的时候要闻一下鱼的气味，故选F。19.A 【解析】根据前一句Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isnt fresh.可知，带有强烈的味道的鱼都不是新鲜的，不应该买这样的鱼，A项与后句联系紧密，故选A。20.B 【解析】根据Putthewholefishonaplateandsteamitinasteampot for 8 to 10 minutes可知，本段介绍的是蒸鱼的方法，故选B。高考试题四（xx年四川卷）题型体裁话题难度建议时间阅读理解说明文晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系6分钟A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that night milk contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists remending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.12. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_. A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious C. were less active D. woke up later13. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text? A. Its been tested on mice for ten years B. It can make people more energetic C. It exists in milk in great amount D. Its used in sleeping drugs14. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health15.How does the author support the theme of the text? A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments. C. By explaining statistical data. D. By providing research results.【话题解读】这是一篇饮食与健康紧密结合的话题。本文介绍了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。奶的老鼠会更焦虑一些。故选B。13.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段中的taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night可知D项符合题意。高考试题五（xx年新课标卷II）题型