2019-2020年高考英语 （3）-冠词与介词-M2-U1-3语法专题讲义 新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 （3）-冠词与介词-M2-U1-3语法专题讲义 新人教版本讲内容要点1. 冠词2. 介词3. 基础复习：必修2-U1-34. 综合训练-必修2-（1）冠词（一）冠词的分类1不定冠词1）泛指人、事或物的类别。如：A horse runs faster than a sheep. 2）泛指某人或某事物。如：An old man is sitting on the chair. 3)表示one或every，但概念上没有它们那样强烈。如：Every elephant has a long nose. Take this medicine three times a day. 4）用于某些固定词组中。如：a few，a bit，a lot of，in a hurry，at a time，many a，all of a sudden5)用在某些抽象名词前，表示“一种，一类，一份，一场，一阵”如：She was caught in a heavy rain. It was a wonderful tea. 2定冠词1）表示某一或某些特定的或上文中提到的人或物。如：The boys in this school wear blue shirts. 2)指说话人和听话人都知道的人或事物。如：Close the door, please. 3）用于表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词之前。如：the sun , the moon, the earth, the world, 4)用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the south, the southeast, the northwest, the right5）用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前，以及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。如：the first, the second, the tallest, the most important, the taller of the two boys6）用于形容词或过去分词之前，使其名词化，表示一类人。如：the rich（富人），the poor（穷人），the sick（病人），the wounded（伤员）7) 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前，表示国家、党派、组织机构、报刊、条约、朝代、江、河、湖、海、山、川、群岛等。如：the Yellow River（黄河），the United States（美国）8）用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：the Smiths（史密斯夫妇史密斯一家）9）用在单数可数名词前，表示某一类人或物。如：The horse is a useful animal. 10）用于演奏的乐器前。如：Do you like playing the violin ? 11)用于世纪的某个年代前。如：in the 1990s12）用于表示发明物的年数名词前。如：Who invented the telephone ? 13)用于某些表示国家和民族的形容词前，泛指全体，这些词常以-sh，-ch，-ese结尾。如：the English，the French，the Chinese14）用于表示数量的名词前。如：They sold eggs by the dozen. They were paid by the hour. 15）用于某些习惯用语中。如：on the other hand，in the end，in the daytime（二）零冠词情况及特例在下列情形中常不用冠词：1表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love games. 2表示语言的名词前。如：We are studying English. （也可说the English Language。）3可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等修饰限定时。如：This book is cheap. Is that Mr. Wangs dictionary ? 4不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：China，Beijing，Mary但不限制性、描绘性定语修饰时，可用定冠词；当表示“像那样的人或事物”、“一个名叫的人”时，用不定冠词。如：The England of those years was an England in turmoil（动乱）。“Hurry up !”said the anxious Tom. He wishes to be an Edison. Mr. White came to see you this morning. 5由普通名词构成的专有名词前多数要加“the”，但也有一些不用。如：Tian An Men Square，Chang An Avenue，Nanjing Rood，Bei Hai Park（但the Peoples park则用定冠词），Beijing University6物质名词、抽象名词前常不用冠词。如：Knowledge begins with practice. Water boils at 100. 但这些词被限定时，要用定冠词；当表示个体事物或“一种、一场、一分”等意思时，前面加不定冠词。如：The milk in the bottle has gone bad. Do you want a coffee ? What do you think of the work ? He has a good knowledge of English. 7季节、月份、星期、节假日前一般不用冠词。如：Spring，June，Monday，New Years Day但季节等被限定性定语修饰时用定冠词；星期前加不定冠词表示“某一个”；中国民间传统节日前常加定冠词。如：in the spring of 1992, a Tuesday in September, the Spring Festival8一日三餐breakfast，lunch，supper前通常不用冠词，但前面有描绘性形容词等修饰时，加不定冠词。如：What did you have for breakfast ? He had a wonderful supper. 9学科、球类和棋类运动的名称之前不用冠词。如：Do you like mathematics ? She is fond of playing basketball. 10称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语及同位语等时常不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother ? In 1860, Lincoln was elected President of the United States. 11当bike, car, taxi, bus, train, boat, ship, plane等与介词by连用，表示一种交通手段时，不用加冠词。如：Did you e back by plane or by train ? 但也可用in, on等介词或与动词搭配，这时名词前要有修饰语，如：e in a car, take a bus, on the train还有by water, by land, by sea, by air也可表示交通手段。12turn后面的名词不用冠词。如：Later he turned writer. 13在kind of或kinds of等结构中，后面的名词一般不用加冠词（但是kind前可根据需要加冠词）。如：He likes three kinds of book(s). 然而有时也有加冠词的情况，如：What kind of a man is he ? (kind of a意为怎样一个或一种)类似的结构还有：sort（或sorts）of，type（或types）of，class（或classes）of, variety（或varieties）of, 它们都表示一种或数种事物。后面的名词都不加冠词。14man作“人类”讲时，同human, mankind一样，不用加冠词。如：Man has existed for thousands of years. 15在以“普通名词（或形容词最高级）+as/though”开始的让步状语从句中，前面不用冠词。如：Child as he is , he knows a lot. Shortest though he is , he runs fastest in our class. 16. 在某些独立主格结构中不用冠词。如：He went into the forest, gun in hand. 17某些成又成对出现的名词词组里一般不用冠词。如：arm in arm(手挽手)，hand in hand（手牵手），side by side（肩并肩）, day and night（日日夜夜）, young and old(老老少少)等。18某些固定词组中，不用冠词。如：at night（夜间）, in fact（事实上），on foot（徒步），after school（放学后），in town（在城里）19三种表示类属的方法用不定冠词a+单数可数名词。如：A horse is a useful animal. 用定冠词the +单数可数名词。如：The house is a useful animal. 用复数名词。如：Horses are useful animals. 三句意思大体相同：“马是有用的动物。”但三种方法陈述的角度不同。第一种是从个体的角度，泛指任何个体；第二种着眼点是整体，概括整个属类；第三种把整个属类看作许许多多的集合体。有时，三种说法可以通用。如上面例句。20在某些词组中，如不加冠词，含义有所不同。如：（三）冠词的位置冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，冠词放在形容词之前。但是，下列句型例外：1冠词放在quite，what，such，many之后。如：quite a different expression，such a boy，many a book，What a nice watch !2so/as/too/how +形容词+a(am)+名词 如： Its too difficult a book for us. How wonderful a story it is !3all，both放在the之前。如：all the pictures4half可位于冠词之前，也可位于冠词之后。如：half an hour =a half hour只是前者比较口语化；后者更正式一些，更常用于书面语。5rather可位于冠词前或后。如：a rather nice coat, rather a busy afternoon【EX 1】单项选择1. Its not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break.（xx年全国）A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the D. a; the2. In many places in China, bicycle is still popular means of transportation.（xx年重庆）A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the3. We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across_ continent.（xx年江苏）A. the; theB. 不填；theC. the; 不填D. 不填；不填4. Have you heard news? The price of petrol is going up again?（xx年湖南）A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; 不填5. In the United States, there is always _flow of people to areas of _country where more jobs can be found.（xx年四川）A. a; the B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a6. My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _energy.（xx年辽宁）A. a; 不填B. the; theC. 不填；theD. a; the7. I ate sandwich while I was waiting for 20:08 train.（xx年陕西）A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a8. I am so sorry to have e late for the meeting.（xx年江西）It is not your fault. With _ rush-hour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a9. Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource.（xx年山东）A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the; the D. the; a10. _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head.（xx年浙江）A. An; the B. The; the C. An; 不填 D. The; 不填11. I looked under _ bed and found _ book I lost last week.（xx年北京）A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. the; /12. How about Christmas evening party?I should say it was success.（xx年福建）A. a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. the; /13. Polar bears live mostly on _ sea ice, which they use as _ platform for hunting seals.（xx年湖南）A. a; a B. a; the C. /; a D. the; /14. We have every reason to believe that _ xx Beijing Olympic Games will be _success.（xx年江苏）A. /; aB. the; / C. the; aD. a; a15. Many people have e to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make room in their day for exercise.（xx年江西）A. a; / B. the; a C. the; the D. /; a16. Christmas is _ special holiday when _ whole family are supposed to get together.（xx年辽宁）A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the17. Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village.（xx年全国）A. the; theB. the; a C. /; theD. the; /18. How about taking _ short break? I want to make _ call.（xx年四川）A. the; a B. a; the C. the; the D. a; a19. I like _color of your skirt. It is _good match for your blouse.（xx年浙江）A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the20. In film Cast Away, Tom Hanks plays man named Chuck Noland.（xx年陕西）A. a; theB. the; a C. the; the D. a; a 21. I wanted to catch _early train, but couldnt get _ ride to the station.（xx年天津）A. an; the B. /; the C. an; / D. the; a22. Gorge couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _ Sunday because everybody was at _ church.（xx年重庆）A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a（09安徽）23. We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. A. a; a B. a; theC. the; a D. the; the（09北京）24. The biggest whale is _ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters longthe height of _ 9-story building. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a（09江西）25. Some people fear that _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world.A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a（09海南）26. Lets go to cinema-thatll take your mind off the problem for whileA. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a（09陕西）27. What pity that you couldnt be there to receive prize!A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the（09四川）28. In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language. A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the（09浙江）29. I dont understand what the engineer means, but Ive got _ rough idea of _ project plan.A. the; a B. 不填; theC. the; 不填D. a; the（09重庆）30. Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has bee popular name.A. a; the B. /; a C. /; the D. the; a（09全国2 ）31. What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting. A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; an D. a; the（09广东）32.语法填空 阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为3140的相应位置上。 Jane was walking round the department storeShe remembered how difficult _31_ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her fatherShe wished that he was as easy _32_ (please)as her mother，who was always delighted with perfume Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not _33_ pleasant experience：people stepped on your feet or _34_ (push)you with their elbows(肘部)，hurrying ahead to get to a bargain Jane paused in front of a counter _35_ some attractive ties were on display“They are real silk，”the assistant tried to attract her“Worth double the price”But Jane knew from past experience that her _36_ (choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gatheredShe found some good quality pipes _37_ saleShe did not hesitate for long：although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please _38_ When Jane got home，with her small but well-chosen present in her bag，her parents were already _39_ table having supperHer mother was excited“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking，”Jane _40_ (inform)31_32_33_34_35_36_37_38_39_40_介词介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如at, in, on, beside, to , for等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等；还有一种叫二重介词，如until after, from behind等。（一）介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语：The book on the table is mine.2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）3、作表语：My dictionary is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.（二）主要介词区别1、表示时间的at, in, on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 oclock ，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in xx, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。如：After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如：There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如： Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end作“最后”、“终于”解，可单独使用，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示“在末梢”，“到尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在结束时”，“到末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9、表示“关于”的about 和on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述”。如：He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.10、between, among：一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如：Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11、besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了还有，再加上”。如：All went out besides me.；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 与except意思近似，表示“除了外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.；except for表示“如无就，只是”表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。如：He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.13、in charge of和in the charge of：两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于：in charge of后接被照管的人或物，而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如：Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。14、as, like：as作“作为”、“以地位或身份”解。如：Let me speak to you as a father.（事实是父亲）；like作“象一样”解。如：Let me speak to you like a father.（事实上不是父亲）。15、in front of 和in the front of：in front of = before，是“在前面”的意思（不在某物内）； in the front of则是“在前部”的意思（在某物内）。如：There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。16、in, into：into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。如：We walked into the park.；in通常表示位置。如：We walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。如：I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。(三) 介词与某些词类的搭配某些词类对介词有不同的要求，即要求固定的介词与其搭配，构成固定用法。1名词与介词的固定搭配常见的有：1）要求to的名词：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction2）要求in的名词：interest , satisfaction , expert3）要求on的名词：mercy , congratulation4）要求其他介词的名词：prize for , respect for , victory over , struggle with , the key to the test , business visits to America , an expert in teaching small children5）注意：汉语“的”在英语中可以用多个介词来表达。如下面各句中的“的”，分别用of , for , about , to , on等介词，但含义各不相同。a friend of mine （我的一个朋友of表示“属于”）a ticket for tonight（一张今晚的票for表示“给用”）a story about Lei Feng （雷锋的故事about表示“关于”）a key to the door（这扇门的一把钥匙to表示“对于”）2形容词与介词的固定搭配常见的有1)要求at的形容词：afraid , angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised2)要求of的形容词：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain3)要求with的形容词：angry , strict , careful , busy , popular4)要求in的形容词：weak , strict , rich , interested , successful5)要求to的形容词：next , good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , married , close , near , similar , due6)要求for的形容词：sorry , good , famous , fit , unfit , eager , anxious , hungry7)要求from的形容词：far , different , free , safe , absent , tired8)要求about的形容词：sorry , worried , anxious , careful , sure , certain9)注意：有时同一形容词与不同的介词搭配含义也不同。如：【EX 2】单项选择1. Lets learn to use the problem we are facing a stepping-stone to future success.（xx年全国）A. to B. for C. as D. by2. Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like_ working here.（xx年全国）A. with B. over C. at D. about3. If you really have to leave during the meeting, youd better leave the back door.（xx年北京）A. forB. byC. acrossD. out4. Many Chinese universities provide scholarships for students _financial aid.（xx年天津）A. in favor ofB. in honor of C. in face ofD. in need of5. At the railway station, the mother waved goodbye to her daughter until the train was_.（xx年天津）A. out of sightB. out of reach C. out of orderD. out of place6. Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?Because the old one has been damaged _.（xx年江苏）A. beyond reach B. beyond repairC. beyond control D. beyond description7. When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have_ for her, but now all her worries are gone.（xx年湖北）A. in need B. in time C. in preparation D. in store8. When did you last hear Jay?He phoned me this morning，and we agreed a time and place to meet.（xx年湖南）A. of; to B. about; with C. from; with D. from; on 9. A great man shows his greatness _ the way he treats little men.（xx年福建）A. under B. with C. on D. by10. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, appeared a race rainbow soon.（xx年福建）A. of whichB. on whichC. from whichD. above which11. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _ New York is an example.（xx年四川）A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which12. I like Mr. Miners speech; it was clear and _ the point.（xx年辽宁）A. atB. onC. toD. of13. Elizabeth has already achieved success her wildest dreams.（xx年陕西）A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon14. Fred entered without knocking and, very out of breath, sank _ a chair.（xx年安徽）A. on B. off C. into D. to15. Nowadays a lot of adults go to evening schools _ further education.（xx年上海春）A. after B. in C. for D. on 16. I began to feel _ in the new school when I saw some familiar faces（xx年山东）A. at home B. at heart C. at will D. at sight17. Everything was perfect for the picnic _ the weather.（xx年浙江）A. in place of B. as well as C. except for D. in case of18. The two sportsmen congratulated each other _ winning the match by shaking hands.（xx年上海）A. with B. on C. in D. to19. This is a junior school. You should go to a senior school _ girls of your age.（xx年北京）A. for B. about C. from D. to20. Although my opinion, the old professor didnt e up with his own.（xx年福建）A. againstB. onC. forD. in21. _ the silence for the pauses, we could hear each others breathing and could almost bear our own heartbeats.（xx年湖南