2019-2020年高考英语 阅读微技能训练 词义句义推断题(1).doc

2019-2020年高考英语 阅读微技能训练 词义句义推断题(1)词义句义理解题是高考英语阅读理解中常见的题型，主要考查考生依据特定语境对某一单词、句子或句中某一部分的准确理解能力。同学们应通过本专题巩固并加强训练通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及语境等确定词义句义的技能。设问特点：1. 从原文中找单词，短语或句子设问。2. 所问词或句与该词该句常见意思不同，不能望文生义。3. 只有在具体的上下文中才可判断准确。4. 该句语法结构较难分析。5. 所考单词有的是生词，有的是旧词新意。6. 正确选项的特征是放在原文中不仅句意合理，上下文也合理。7. 错误选项或是字面意思，或是故意编造。常考问题：1. The word in paragraph refers to _.2. The word “” could be replaced by _.3. Which of the following words can take the place of ?4. The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.5. The underlined word “” means _.6. What do you think the underlined expression stands for?7. The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.8. Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?9. By saying “” in the first (second) paragraph, the author implies that _.10. The last word in Para can best be defined as _.技巧点拨：由于猜测词义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等，因此联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，同学们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。1. 推断词义要回到原句中分析。2. 推断句义要看全段甚至全文。3. 正确理解作者在全文中的情感态度对准确判断至关重要。4. 不要受平时该词最常见意思的影响。5. 推断句义应先搞清句型结构。6. 正确答案不但应在该处合理，在全文中也应合理。7. 熟记考试说明规定的构词法的前缀和后缀用法，留神旧词新意。8. 猜测词义句义的方法：英英释义，根据同位语，参照同义词或反义词，根据上下文描写，参考关联词、替代词和上下文。技巧操练：（一）根据构词法判断词义三种构词法，即合成、转化、派生，是我们猜测词义需掌握的基本方法。合成法：通过构成合成词的每个单词的含义猜测和领会其含义；转化法：通过一个词的本意猜测出它转化后的意思，常见的是名词和动词、形容词和动词以及形容词和名词之间的相互转化；派生法：由一个词根加前缀（prefix）或后缀（suffix）构成词的方法称为派生法。一般来说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。【试一试】1. 猜测下面合成词的词义：(1) underwear (2) editor-in-chief (3) well-designed(4)underdeveloped (5) mass-produced (6) serious-looking (7) time-saving 2. 转化法练习：(1) The road narrows gradually. _(2) To get there, they had to journey over a desert. _(3) She clocked 23.5 seconds in the womens 200-meter finals. _; _(4) The dog nosed out a rat. _3. 派生法练习(1) 根据前缀猜测词义u Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? 划线词义为：_u His anti-slavery policy had set millions of black free and his strength and wisdom had guided the nation through the war to peace and reunion. “reunion” here means_. A. ing back again B. being one again C. meeting someone again D. seeing someone again(2) 结合前缀和后缀猜测词义u prehistoric _ unthinkable_。 根据派生法猜测下列句子中划线词的含义。 1. Can you understand the inscription on the tomb?A. words written by cutting into the surface B. names of famous peopleC. explanationD. main idea 2. A train is immobile when it _. A. speeds along B. doesnt move C. move silently D. goes backward 3. Because of the storm, the valley was impassable. A. not beautiful to look at B. not easy to passC. full of water D. more beautiful（二）根据语境判断词义这是提高阅读速度和理解率必备的判断断词义的能力。语境可能是一个句子、几个句子、甚至一个段落或通篇文章。我们可分别将其称为小语境、中语境和大语境。 1. 小语境(1) 定义式常用词有：be, mean, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to 等。 例1：Mark Twain was not the authors real name; it was a pseudonym. 例2：Mechanized farming means the use of modern machinery on farms. (2) 例举式常用词有：for example, for instance, such as, like 等。 例1：Newly-married young people often spend some of their money on appliances, forinstance, washing-machines, refrigerators and televisions. 例2：Doctors suggest that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who dosedentary work like reading, typing and sewing. (3) 重述式 常用词有：and, or, similarly, that is (to say), in other words, namely, say, i.e. 等 例1：Red had the longest wavelength; that is, the distance between each wave is longest in redlight than in any other color. 例2：The football player was penalized for his rudeness and the punishment was a good lesson for him. (4) 同位语 构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。 例：Dr. Baker is a member of an agricultural mission, a group of experts on better farmingmethods. （5）修饰限定式 从定语从句或状语从句提供的限定或修饰信息来猜测词义。例1：The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 例2：The man is a tramp, who goes from place to place and does no regular work. 2. 中语境(1) 对比关系：有些表示转折关系的连词、介词短语和副词等使前后的意思构成对比。我们可以利用这种对比关系，判断生词的含义。常用的词有：although; even though/if; while; but; yet; however; instead; rather than; unlike; far from; on the other hand; unfortunately等。 例1：The main point of the plan is clear to me, but the details are still hazy. 例2： Unlike her gregarious sister, she is a shy, quiet person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 例3：Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 例4：If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. (2) 同义关系和平行关系：作者在写文章时，为避免重复，同一概念常用不同的同义词。这种同义关系为我们猜词带来了方便。常用词：and; or; not onlybut also; besides;similarly; likewise; in the same way, like, just as, also, as well as, in other words或用分号引出相同或类似的词。另外在特定的情况下，作者经常通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴的词语来表达其思想。如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。 例1：Doctors believe smoking detrimental to your health; they also regard drinking harmful. 例2：The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. A. supervise B. reviewC. take the place of D. start to enforce(3) 因果关系：在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。常见的提示词有：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore等。例：When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” means that the colors_. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest(4) 根据替代、说明、描述等关系猜测词义:在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例1：William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means . A. simpleB. mixedC. sad D. happy例2：He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. 3. 大语境 例1：Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us. Our mothers took their turn, laughing like schoolgirls. I think we were all beside ourselves. Parents forgot their duty and their dignity; children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies. “Perhaps its like this in the kingdom of heaven,” I thought confusedly. Q: By “we were all beside ourselves”, the writer means that they all _. A. felt confused B. went wild with joy C. looked on D. forgot their fights例2：All her life, my mother wanted busy children. It was very important that her house should remain at all things clean and tidy. You could turn your back for a moment in my mothers house, leave a half written letter on the dining room table, a magazine open on the chair, and turn around to find that my mother had “put it back where it belonged” as she explained.Now my sister has developed a second-hand love of clean windows, and my brother does the cleaning in his house, perhaps to avoid having to be the one to lift his feet. I try not to think about it too much, but I have at this later time started to dust the furniture once a week.Q: The underlined part in the passage suggests that my sister _. A. is happy to clean windows B. loves to clean used windows C. is fond of clean used windows D. likes clean windows as my mother did即讲即练One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked,“My I get you something?”“A coffee would be nice.”Then I bought him a cup of coffee, We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee, Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked,“How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath?”“Who?”“The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.”I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men!My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.56. What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean?A. Unfriendly. B. Untidy. C. Gentle. D. Kind.57. The author bought coffee for the old man because .A. he thought the old man was poorB. he wanted to start a conversationC. he intended to show his politenessD. he would like to thank the old man58. How did the author probably feel after he talked with his friend?A. Proud. B. Pitiful. C. Surprised. D. Regretful59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story?A. We should learn to be generous.B. It is honorable to help those in need.C. People in high positions are not like what we expect.D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.