2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习第二部分重点语法突破专题一有提示词填空第三讲名词和主谓一致讲义新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习第二部分重点语法突破专题一有提示词填空第三讲名词和主谓一致讲义新人教版1xx全国卷They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the _(attack)答案：attackers根据提示词前面的the可知，此处应填名词，同时结合前面的natural enemies可知，应使用复数形式。attack的名词形式是attacker。故填attackers。2xx天津高考My eldest son, whose work_(take) him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.答案：takes定语从句的主语whose work是单数概念，因此根据主谓一致，谓语动词也用单数形式takes。句意：我长子现在在纽约，他的工作让他全世界到处跑。3xx全国卷 Moran says one of the problems with jazz today _(be) that the entertainment aspect of the music_ (lose)答案：is; has been lost结合第一个空格前面的“one of the problems with jazz today”可知，主语是“之一”，且本句描述爵士乐面临的现状，谓语动词使用is。第二个空格的主语是the entertainment aspect of the music也属于单数概念，同时指音乐的娱乐性方面已经被失去，因此使用has been lost。 4xx江苏高考Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries,_(face) new challenges from the modern market.答案：are facing分析句子结构可知，having developed . centuries作状语，本句的主语是复数概念的many Chinese brands，因此设空处应为句子的谓语，结合句意，“正在面临着”，故填are facing。5xx湖南高考All we need _ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.答案：is根据题干可知，all指代的是a small piece of land，所以谓语动词要用单数。整句话的语境为一般现在时，故填is。6xx江苏高考Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _ (apologize)答案：apologies由提示词前的介词with和形容词性物主代词my可知，此处应填apologize的名词形式。apology为“致歉”含义时，通常用复数形式。7xx浙江高考It is important to pay your _ (electric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.答案：electricity根据your及bill可知，此处应填electric的名词形式electricity，表示所修饰名词的目的和用途。8xx湖南高考It is important to remember that success_ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often_ (take) years to achieve.答案：is; takes由整句话语境可判断此处用一般现在时。that引导的宾语从句的主语success，意为“成功”，为不可数名词，两空是并列谓语，故都用单数。9xx福建高考China Daily attracts a worldwide readership, which _ (show) that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.答案：shows由整句话语境可判断此处用一般现在时。空格所在句子为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的内容，谓语动词要用单数形式，故填shows。10xx湖北高考He gave himself a new name to hide his _ (identify) when he went to carry out the secret task.答案：identity句意：当他去执行这项秘密任务时，他给自己取了个新名字以掩盖他的身份。由句意可知，空格处应用名词identity表示“身份”。Part 语篇真题演练阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。xx全国卷There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical munity (医学界) _61_ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _62_ (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required _63_ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt _64_ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As _65_ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even _66_ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food _67_ (be) full of fat and salt; by _68_ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack (吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However, be _69_ (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _70_ is not good for the health.61_62._63._64._65_66._67._68._69_70._Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文是一篇说明文。讲述的是饮食低脂、低盐的利弊以及对人体健康的影响。Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。61as考查介词。此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。62effects考查名词的复数。side effect “副作用”，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。63to_process考查非谓语动词。require sth. to do sth.“需要某物做某事”，此处用了被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式to process作主语补足语。64are_removed考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知此处用一般现在时，由于主语fat and salt是复数概念，且与remove是被动关系，所以填一般现在时的被动语态are removed。65a考查固定搭配。as a result “结果”，是固定搭配。66worse考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式。even worse “更糟的是”。67is考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据行文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语fast food(快餐)是不可数名词短语，故填be的第三人称单数形式is。68eating考查非谓语动词。表示方式的介词by之后接动名词作宾语。69.careful考查词性转换。be之后接形容词作表语，care的形容词形式是careful。70which考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容。故填关系代词which。Step 3：代入验证。需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。知识清单(1)名词常见后缀(第一讲专题)；(2)名词的数；(3)抽象名词具体化；(4)主谓一致的几种常见情况。学情分析考生在名词和主谓一致的学习中存在以下几个问题：(1)名词的数是考生在运用语言时常被忽视的问题，需刻意提高“数”的意识；(2)主谓一致情况较多，造成部分学生在使用时混用，同时也会因为忽视了主语核心词，而造成主谓不一致；(3)语法规则能熟练记忆，但不能准确运用，缺少谓语与主语一致的意识。考点1名词的数1名词的单复数(1)不可数名词不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示多少，通常要用“a/an表数量的词of名词”来表示。通常抽象名词与物质名词都是不可数名词。常见的不可数名词有：物质名词：ice, coffee, soup, grass, cloth (布料), clothing, iron, food, bread等。抽象名词：advice, experience (经验), courage, fun, childhood, knowledge等。(2)名词复数的变化规则变化不规则变化2特殊情况下名词复数的用法有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)等。有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for 为做准备take pains 尽力，刻苦make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵take turns 轮流be in high spirits 情绪高涨，精神振奋make repairs 修理3名词构词法(见第一讲)典题1xx洛阳统考For my studies I had to read books about _ (entertain), public relations, journalism, ethics in media and countless other topics.答案entertainment根据空格前的介词about及下文中一系列的名词形式可知，此处也应填名词形式entertainment。典题2xx辽宁大连模拟Fabien Cousteaus grandfather and his father were ocean _ (explore) and documentary film makers.答案explorers由and连接并列结构可知，此处填名词，由于主语是两个人，故应填explorers。考点2抽象名词具体化1抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事或某个人时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者/一件失败的事(4)knowledge知识；a good knowledge of精通，掌握，对很熟悉(5)success成功；a success一位成功者/一件成功的事(6)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour荣誉；an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, fort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, feeling, preference等。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词Would you like some coffee?I would like a coffee and two beers.你想喝点咖啡吗？我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。典题3xx陕西83中模拟She came in for _ coffee and told me _ firecrackers kept her awake last night.答案a; the第一空为物质名词个体化，表示一杯咖啡，故填a；第二空为特指，故填the。典题4xx陕西西安一中月考The journey to Antarctica for scientific researches is really _ danger, for the researchers have to go through a lot of difficulty. 答案a此处是抽象名词具体化，指一件危险的事情，故填a。句意：去南极科考的确是一件危险的行程，因为研究人员要经历很多困难。考点3主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要保证时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。1语法一致原则(1)主语后跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。典题5xx山西太原模拟Dr Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.答案is根据语法一致原则，谓语与Dr Smith保持一致。故填is。(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式保持一致。A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.很多被邀请来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。A great deal of water was polluted year by year.每年大量的水被污染。但a quantity/amount of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数与其所修饰的名词的数保持一致；quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词用复数。Quantities of information are available on the Internet.在网上可得到大量的信息。(3)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由先行词的单复数来确定。Those who were praised at the meeting could be sent to America to study further.在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。典题6He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of which _ (publish) in the 1990s.答案were published定语从句中的which指代先行词books，故谓语动词用复数；且主语与publish之间为被动关系；同时结合时间状语可知，应填were published。2就近一致原则(1)由or, either . or ., neither . nor ., not . but ., not only . but also . 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。典题7Either Mr Smith or his daughters _.(完成句子)要么是史密斯先生要么是他的女儿们应受责备。答案are to blame(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的单复数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。典题8xx北京高考There _ (be) probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.答案areThere be句型中，谓语与最近的主语保持一致，本句的主语是decades，故填are。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，一个人兼具不同身份或为匹配出现的事物(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。典题9The writer and teacher Smith _ millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.(完成句子)既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。答案has gone through(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题10xx山东临沂期末After they volunteered in the library, each book and each paper_(be) in proper place. 答案was结合every/each/non.every/each/non.作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故填was。(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。典题11To go to bed early and to rise early_.(完成句子)早睡早起是一个好习惯。答案is a good habit(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题12xx山东日照模拟More than one foreign country leader _ (e) to China for the international conference in the past three days. 答案has e根据空格前面的more than one单数名词作主语可知，谓语动词用单数形式，同时结合后面的in the past three days可知，用现在完成时，故填has e。the rest, the most, the remaining/part等主语，谓语动词单复数应根据其所表达的单复数意义而定。典题13xx全国卷Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line_(run) upand outthe side of the hole. 答案runs结合空格前面的主语the rest of the line可知，这种结构中谓语动词的形式取决于the rest后面的名词的意义。本题the line是单数，故填runs。分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其后名词所表示的单复数概念。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Twothirds of population have been killed in the accident.在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。(作个体看待，谓语用复数)典题14xx江苏高考Furthermore, around 50% of the worlds population_(live) in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level and almost all developed nations are experiencing subreplacement birth rate.答案live百分数或者分数修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数与名词的单复数保持一致。此处population为集合名词，看作个体居住在不同的地区，故谓语动词用复数。NO.1解题步骤1.根据空格所处的位置判断考点是什么。2联系相关考点，结合相关知识，填写单词的正确形式。NO.2解题技巧1名词的考查语法填空题对名词的考查包括根据语境填适当的名词，特别是固定搭配中的名词(不给提示词)和用所给词的名词形式填空(给出动词、形容词等提示词)。(1)根据名词的功能来判断是否需要填名词名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语、宾语补足语等。做题时可以根据提示词在句中所作的成分判断空格处是否需要填名词。(2)根据语境来判断是否需要填名词名词通常出现在及物动词、形容词、介词以及限定词之后，做题时可以据此判断空格处是否需要填名词。常见的限定词包括冠词(a, an, the)、形容词性物主代词(my, your等)、不定代词(no, one, some, any, each, many, all, both, another, other等)、疑问词(whose, what, which等)等。(3)有时要求根据固定搭配填适当的名词(4)填名词时，一定要注意单复数及拼写典题1xx吉林实验中学模拟From this experience, I have learned that questioning can serve as a bridge that helps us to seek the _ (true)答案truth此处需用其名词形式作动词seek的宾语，语义为“寻求真相”，故此处应填truth，注意拼写。典题2xx山东淄博摸底The police department was looking for a tool that would limit _ (injure) to officers and the people they arrested.答案injuries及物动词limit后应用名词作宾语，injury表示身体上的“伤害，损害”时，一般用其复数形式。2主谓一致的考查考查主谓一致时，往往提示词为动词，句子中不缺少主语。(1)抓住主语的核心词是正确解题的关键。(2)掌握基本的主谓一致三大原则是正确解题的基础。(3)注意时态与全文时态保持一致。典题3xx北京西城区模拟We live in a beautiful cottage with a yard, which _ (measure) 20 feet from side to side.答案measureswhich引导的定语从句修饰先行词cottage, which指代cottage, cottage为单数名词，故谓语动词填第三人称单数。且由语境可知此处为一般现在时。典题4xx福建漳州模拟More than one American child _ (dislike) getting advice from members of their family. They turn to “strangers”答案dislikes“more than one/a(n)单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。1.注意名词构词法的变化规则以及单复数形式的变化。2主谓一致的关键是找出句子的主语，并兼顾语境的时态和语态。建议用时：20分钟Part .单句语法填空1xx四川雅安月考Her question was so difficult that I could hardly make any _ of it at all.答案：sense根据空格处于any与介词of之间可知，需填名词。make sense of “理解，弄懂，明白”，固定短语。2xx陕西83中二模I think the boss, rather than the workers, _ (be) to blame for the fire that caused so many _ (dead) last week.答案：was; deaths当主语后接由rather than引导的短语时，谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数和人称而定，且由caused可知用一般过去时，故第一空填was; death意为“死亡事件/人数”时，为可数名词，且第二空格前有many修饰，空格处应填名词的复数形式，故填deaths。3xx吉林松原模拟After about one and a half _ (hour) climbing, we saw two moutain paths before us.答案：hours此处用所有格形式，one and a half hours climbing表示“爬了一个半小时的山”。4xx广东佛山质检二I made up my mind to develop different _ (skill) so that I would be able to work in this field in the future.答案：skills根据空格前的形容词different可知，此处填名词，且skill在此处表示“技术，技能”，为可数名词，故应填其复数形式。5xx山东潍坊期末Important language points, grammar rules, useful _ (express) and key words are what we want to take down.答案：expressionsuseful修饰名词，且该空要使用复数形式与前后的points, rules和words并列。6xx河南濮阳二模College students in China wont have to fear _ (fail) as much when launching their own businesses under a new Ministry of Education regulation.答案：failurefear是及物动词，后缺少宾语，用动词fail的名词failure作其宾语。表示在教育部的新规则下，大学生在创业时不必过多地害怕失败。此处failure为抽象名词。7xx河北调研Large amounts of money _ (spend) on the bridge, which was expected to be pleted next month.答案：were spent主语由Large amounts of修饰时谓语动词用复数。结合语境可知，应用一般过去时，且与主语之间为被动关系，故填were spent。8xx山西太原二模Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others_(be) essential to their development. 答案：is分析句子结构可知，该句的主语部分students inner motivation为第三人称单数。再根据generally(一般说来)判断该句讲的是一般情况，所以用一般现在时。 9xx辽宁实验中学月考The basketball coach, as well as his team, _(interview) shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. 答案：was interviewed当主语后接由as well as引导的短语时，谓语动词的形式要和主语的单复数和人称保持一致。结合语境可知动作发生在过去， 故填was interviewed。10xx甘肃诊断After about an hours _ (fly), something strange happened in the planea small rat stole out from the bag of a young man.答案：flight所有格形式后需接名词。根据an hours可知，此空应填名词flight，表示“一个小时的飞行”，注意fly转换为名词的拼写规则。Part .单句改错1xx山东实验中学诊断As I stated above, you should first eat less meat but more fruits and vegetable._答案：vegetablevegetablesand连接两个并列名词，且vegetable为可数名词，故将vegetable改为vegetables。2xx武汉武昌区调研Soon, I became one of the top student in my class, which greatly increased my confidence and got me motivated._答案：studentstudents根据“one of名词复数”结构可知，应把student改为students。3xx贵州遵义航天中学模拟Living in a boarding school make me independent, which has a great effect on me._答案：makemakes动名词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式，故将make改为makes。4xx全国卷Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seat were filled with tearyeyed audience wanting to say goodbye to the old building._答案：seatseatsseat为可数名词，结合句子中的most of the 250 . 可知，此处应用名词复数形式。故将seat改为seats。5xx天津高考Turning ones life into a waiting game require faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us._答案：requirerequires本句的主语是一个动名词短语Turning ones life into a waiting game，因而句子的谓语应该使用单数形式，故将require改为requires。Part .语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 xx河北邯郸模拟Woodblock printing first appeared in the early Tang period. During the Song Dynasty, the technique of block printing was very advanced. Books were _1_(beautiful) printed. Even today the books_2_ (print) at the time are valuable and treasured by libraries and book collectors.However, block printing_3_ (be) not very convenient. Every two pages of a book had to be carved on a wood block, and a big book would require many blocks. Besides, there had to be large places for storing the books. _4_ (overe) these shortings, Bi Sheng invented the movable type during the years between 1,041 and 1,048. One word was carved on one piece of clay, _5_was hardened with fire. Then clay characters were set on_6_iron plate according to the text of a book. Then ink was applied to them and_7_ (sheet) of paper spread over them, and the printing was done. Bi Shengs invention made printing faster and easier_8_before. Later, movable type of metal and wood was made and widely used. The technique of printing was gradually known to other Asian countries and Europe. The great influence printing had_9_the advance of civilization is too clear to need any_10_ (explain)1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述活字印刷的历史、价值、原理、意义及其对世界文明的影响。1beautifully考查词性转换。print是动词，要用副词修饰。2printed考查非谓语动词。books与print之间是被动关系，用过去分词短语printed at the time作定语修饰books。3was考查动词的时态和主谓一致。全文讲述过去的事情，要用一般过去时，且主语block printing是单数概念，谓语动词应用单数形式was。4To overe考查非谓语动词。此处动词不定式表示目的。5which考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知设空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代先行词clay并在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。6an考查冠词。plate是可数名词，单数形式前加不定冠词a表示泛指，因iron的读音是以元音音素开头的，故用不定冠词an。7sheets考查名词的复数。sheets of paper意为“一张张纸”，用复数形式。8than考查连词。根据faster and easier可知，比较级常与than连用。9on考查介词。have influence on意为“对有影响”，是固定搭配。10explanation考查词性转换。need是动词，后接名词作其宾语，动词explain的名词是explanation。