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一,二,三,四,一、名词的数:明确可数名词和不可数名词的区分,明确名词和动词的关系,明确根据句意和搭配选择使用名词的正确形式。 1.常见的不可数名词有advice,news,progress,money,furniture,fun,weather,luck,homework,housework,information,bread,medicine,clothing,wealth,soap,rice等。这些词在英文里一般都用作不可数名词,在使用中不可乱套汉语而使用复数或加不定冠词。 What fine weather! We have got a lot of information on the Internet. 2.有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高的热情,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,It is good manners to do sth.做某事有礼貌。,一,二,三,四,3.有些名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品,著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“论文、文件、试卷”(可数)。 Working with Tom who has a lot of work experience is a pleasant experience. 4.名词的修饰语 只能修饰可数名词的有:each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a) few,several,many,a great/good many,a large number of,scores of,dozens of等。 只能修饰不可数名词的有:(a) little,much,a bit of,a great deal of,a large amount of等。 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some,any,half,most,all,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of等。,一,二,三,四,二、名词的所有格 1.“s”所有格: (1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如:todays newspaper,five minutes walk/drive,five pounds weight。 (2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the worlds population,Chinas industry,New Yorks parks。 (3)表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加“s”,如:Janes and Marys bikes。 (4)表示共有的所有关系时,在最后一词末尾加“s”,如:Jane and Marys father。 (5)表示“某人家”“某店铺”,所有格后名词常省略,如:the doctors;the barbers。,一,二,三,四,2.“of”所有格: (1)表示“部分”时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词(a,two,several,some,no,many等)。 Some students of Mr Zhangs have gone to college. (2)表示“其中之一,其中一部分”的意思时,如:a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友(许多朋友中的一位)。,一,二,三,四,三、名词作定语:注意名词作定语和名词所有格的意义区分。 名词作定语常用来表示以下意义: 1.表示中心词的用途、功能、材料 stone figures石像,shoe shops鞋店,coffee cups咖啡杯 2.表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼 summer holidays暑假,school education学校教育,an evening dress晚礼服 注意:表具体的时间名词作定语,则要用所有格结构来表达。 yesterdays news昨天的消息 an hours drive开车一小时的路程 3.表示中心词的类别、对象、身份 a bike key自行车的钥匙,an animal trainer驯兽师,a woman driver女驾驶员,一,二,三,四,4.表示中心词的内容 computer studies电脑学习,weather report天气预报,film industry电影工业 5.表示部分与整体的关系 river banks河岸,animal bones动物骨头,cigarette ends烟头 注意: 名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。 two pencil-boxes,girl friends,a seven-year-old boy 但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式,如: sports shoes 运动鞋 clothes shops 服装店 a sales girl女销售员 a greetings card 贺卡 man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。 a man doctormen doctors;a woman engineerwomen engineers,一,二,三,四,6.名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别:所有格表示所属关系。 the girl friend女朋友 the girls friend那位女孩的朋友 the woman driver女司机 the womans driver那位妇女的司机,一,二,三,四,四、主谓一致 名词在句子中的一项重要功能是作主语,而主语和谓语一定要协调一致。 该内容的考查主要集中在语法一致、意义一致以及就近(远)一致原则等三个方面。重难点如下: (一)语法一致原则 只要确定句子的主语是单数意义,则谓语用单数,如句子的主语是复数意义,则谓语用复数。 1.不可数名词作主语,一律视为单数。 No news is good news. 2.“one,either,neither,each of +复数名词或代词”作主语时,谓语通常用单数形式。 Either of the stories is very funny.,一,二,三,四,3.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。 Ten pounds was missing from the box. 4.a series of,a kind of,a piece of,a pair of 等量词修饰名词,通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 This pair of glasses is very expensive. Two series of new stamps have been ordered.,一,二,三,四,5.“a number of +复数名词”意思是“许多”,表示复数意义;“the number of +复数名词”意思是“的数目”,表示单数概念。“the population of.”意思是“的人口数量”,作主语时,谓语用单数形式,但如果是分数、百分数(half of/the rest of the population) 作主语时,具体指其中的多少人,表达复数意义,谓语则常用复数形式。“the average of.”意思是“的平均数量”,作主语时,谓语用单数形式。 The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard. The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers. 6.主语后有with,together with,along with,except,besides,as well as 等修饰时,谓语动词的数要和这些词汇前面的名词的数保持一致。(因为with等词为介词,其后跟的名词只能是介词宾语,不可能充当主语。) Mr.Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.,一,二,三,四,7.“the +adj.”结构指一类人时,谓语动词用复数;如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念,谓语动词用单数。 The disabled are well taken care of in this country. The dead in this accident was 20,a girl from Nanjing University. The new is certain to replace the old. 8.分数、百分数或all,some,the rest,half of,most of,part of 等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义来确定。 The rest of the workers are still very tired.,一,二,三,四,9.当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数形式。另外,当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。 War and peace is a constant theme in history. Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality. 英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有: iron and steel 钢铁 law and order 治安 bread and butter黄油面包 a watch and chain 一块带链的表 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上衣 aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真诚,一,二,三,四,10.“quantities of +名词”作主语时,不论名词是复数还是不可数,谓语一律用复数形式。 “a quantity of+可数名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数。 “a quantity of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。 “amounts of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语用复数。 “an amount of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。 Every day quantities of water are wasted. A large amount of damage has been done because of the floods.,一,二,三,四,(二)意义一致原则 1.“every/each/no +名词+and every/each/no +名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。 Every boy and every girl is having sports now. 2.“one +单数名词+and a half”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 One apple and a half was on the table. 3.“more than one +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 More than one student has failed the exam. 4.“many a +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 Many a child was playing there.,一,二,三,四,(三)就近(远)一致原则 1.谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近的作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or,not.but.;either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.等。 Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress. 2.当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy students and twenty three girl students in the class. 3.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在从句中作主语,应依据先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式;在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句中的动词用复数形式;但是其前有the only或the very修饰时,则从句中的动词用单数形式。 Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.,.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.Why not buy a second-hand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one? Thats a good (suggest). 2.We most prefer to say yes to the (request) of someone we know and like. 3.All we need (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. 4.Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pointed them out with (patient). 5.The famous musician,as well as his students, (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.,suggestion,requests,is,patience,was invited,6.The university estimates that living expenses for international students (be) around $8,450 a year,which (be) a burden for some of them. 7.Generally,students inner motivation with high expectations from others (be) essential to their development. 8.My first (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. 9.The basketball coach,as well as his team, (be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.,are,is,is,impression,was,.单句改错 1.Suddenly,a man riding his motorcycle passed us rapidly,missing Li Dong by several inch. 2.I hope all my dream will come true in the near future. 3.If you visit a museum,dont take photos inside the halls.You will find NO PHOTOS signs in many museum. 4.Now woman are working as teachers,scientists,and even leaders. 5.When tea got popular in Britain,there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.,答案:inchinches,答案:dreamdreams,答案:第二个museummuseums,答案:womanwomen,答案:cupcups,6.That little daughter of your cousin is really lovely. 7.He dropped the coffees cup and broke it. 8.I walked too much yesterday and my legs muscles are still aching now. 9.Jim was late for two classes this morning.He said that he forgot both of the rooms numbers. 10.Today is September 10th.Its Teachers Day.Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.,答案:cousincousins,答案:coffeescoffee,答案:legsleg,答案:roomsroom,答案:TeachersTeachers,
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