2019-2020年中学英语语法分类复习-主谓一致.doc

2019-2020年中学英语语法分类复习-主谓一致一、主谓一致的定义及原则 主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致叫作主谓一致。主谓一致遵循三个基本原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近原则。（一）语法一致 指主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数，如：He is a boy.他是一名男孩。They are boys.他们是男孩。（二）意义一致 指主语形式上是单数，但表达的却是复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式，或主语形式上是复数形式但却表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式，如：Cattle feed on grass.牛以草为生。Physics is difficult to learn.物理很难学。（三）就近一致 指谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定：There is a book，two pens and three pencil-boxes on the desk.书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三个铅笔盒。There are two pens，a book and three pencil-boxes on the table.二、主谓一致的应用1.谓语动词用单数形式的情况可数名词单数及不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数：The ball is under the desk.球在书桌下。The water is very hot.水很热。more than one +单数名词+单数动词；more +复数名词+than one +复数动词。如： More than one shop was stolen last night. 昨天晚上，不止一家商店被盗。“a +单数名词+ or two”作主语，谓语用单数，如： A student or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。“many a +单数名词”作主语，谓语用单数，如： Many a student was late for school this morning. 今天早晨，许多学生上学迟到了。以-s结尾的单数名词作主语，谓语用单数，如：news, politics , physics , maths, gymnastics等,以及书名、戏剧名、报纸及国家的名称等的复数名词，如： The news is true.这个消息是真的。 The United States is a large country.美国是一个大国。no(each, every, many a) +单数名词+ and +no (each , every, many a) +单数名词作主语，谓语用单数： Many a boy and many a girl has handed in their books. 许多男孩和女孩已经上交了书。 Every boy and every girl likes the film star. 所有的男孩和所有的女孩都喜欢这个电影明星。Every boy and girl was invited. 所有的男孩和女孩都请了。a kind of/a sort of/a type of/a series of +名词作主语时，谓语用单数，如： This kind of car is made in Harbin. 这种小车是哈尔滨生产的。 A new series of reading for children has been published. 一套新的儿童读物出版了。复合不定代词如anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing等作主语，谓语用单数： Everybody likes his poems.所有的人都喜欢他的诗。each, either, neither, another, (a) little或much作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数，如： Much of what you say is true.你所说的许多话是真的。 Neither answer is correct.两个答案一个都不对。时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数，如： Ten miles isnt a long distance.十英里并非一段很长的距离。运算数词作主语，谓语用单数，如： Five minus four is one.五减四等于一。 Seven times four makes twenty-eight.七乘四等于二十八。 Two and two is /are four.二加二等于四。两个单数名词用and连接表示一个概念或不可分的整体作主语时，谓语用单数，如：war and peace战争与和平,iron and steel钢铁，truth and honesty真诚，a watch and chain一块带链的表，a needle and thread一套针线 Bread and butter is their daily food. 奶油面包是他们的日常食物。主语从句、动词不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 When and how to do it is a problem. 什么时候怎样做仍是一个问题。 Seeing is believing.眼见为实。但当what引导的主语从句表复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式，如： What the boy wanted are some books. 这个男孩想要的是几本书。关系代词在定于从句中作主语时，从句谓语的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。尤其要注意one of+复数名词后的定语从句的谓语用复数；the only/very one of+复数名词后的定语从句的谓语用单数。Tom is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.Tom is one of the students who have passed the exam.注意 几种特殊情况1）“one or two +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.昨天下午有一两个学生在植树。2）时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词作主语，若强调若干个个别单位而非整体概念，谓语动词可用复数。这时多与pass, go by, waste, use, spend等词连用。 Five years have passed since I joined the Party. 我入党五年了。3）两个或两个以上的主语从句、动词不定式、动名词作主语，表示复数概念或意义时，谓动用复数。 What he says and what he does dont agree. 他所说的和他所做的不一致。 Swimming in summer and skating in winter are his greatest pleasure. 夏天游泳，冬天滑冰是他最大的乐趣。2.谓语动词用复数形式的情况。集合名词，如people, police, cattle, crew等作主语时，谓语一般用复数，如：The police have caught the thief.警察抓住了小偷。People are enjoying themselves over there. 人们在那儿玩得开心。有的集合名词如family, class, crowd, team, group等，强调整体时谓语用单数，强调其中的成员时谓语用复数：His family is rich.他家很富有。（指整体）His family are all music lovers. 他家都是音乐爱好者。（指成员）由两部分构成的物体的复数名词作主语，谓语用复数，如：shoes, trousers, jeans, gloves, glasses, scissors等。His trousers are of good quality.他的裤子质量很好。My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。注意 当这类名词前有“量词+ of”来修饰时，谓动由量词单复数决定：A pair of shoes is under the bed.床底下有一双鞋。两个单数名词用and或both. and连接，指一个人的双重身份时，前一名词有冠词后一名词无冠词。作主语时谓语用单数。当指两个人，前后两个名词前都有冠词。作主语时谓语用复数。The writer and the poem e from the same place.这位作家和这位诗人来自同一个地方。Both rice and wheat are grown in the place.这地方种植水稻和小麦。“the+形容词过去分词现在分词”结构作主语时，谓语用复数形式。 The wounded have been taken good care of. 伤者得到了很好的照顾。 The poor are to be helped.穷人应当受到帮助。当这一结构指抽象概念，则谓语用单数。 The beautiful brings us happiness.美的东西给人带来快乐。两个形容词共同修饰一个单数名词时，若两个形容词前都有冠词，作主语时谓语用复数。 The red and the white coat are mine. 那件红色上衣和那件白色上衣是我的。如果两个形容词只有一个冠词，表示一个人或物，作主语时谓语用单数，如： The black and white cow is mine. 这头黑白花奶牛是我的。三、就近一致的情况1)在下列短语连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词要同与其最近的主语保持一致：eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut等。 Either he or I am right.或者他或者我是正确的。 Neither I nor he is right.我和他都没对。 Not only Tom but also his parents are interested in the puter game. 不只汤姆，连他的父母也对电脑游戏感兴趣。2) There be+并列主语，be的形式同其最近的主语保持一致。 There is a bed and two chairs in the room.注意“主语+ with/along with/together with/as well as/ besides/like/without/except/but/including/not.+谓语”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数由主语决定，如：The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees on the hill.Mary, like many girls, loves dancing.All the students, including Tom, are leaving.No one except（but）Tom knows about it.四、不定代词all/more/most/some/any/none(+of+名词)作主语时谓语动词视主语含义而定。All of the apples are rotten.“all + 复数名词”表“所有的”All of the apple is rotten.“all + 单数名词”表“整个的”None of the money is left.没有余钱了。None of the students were there.没有学生在那儿。五、“the rest of / half of / part of / majority of / percent of / one third of +名词”，谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致Half of the students have finished their positions.一半的学生写完作文了。Half of the fruit is bad.一半的水果坏了。About 60 percent of the students in our school are boys.我校大约60%的学生是男孩。About 60 percent of the work is done.大约这项工作的60%被做了。六、“a lot of( lots of) / plenty of / a large quantity of +名词”，谓语根据短语后面的名词的数而定A lot of film stars were present at the meeting.许多影星出席了会议。A lot of money has been saved.节约了许多钱。七、“a great deal of/a good deal of / a large amount of +不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数A great deal of water is wasted.许多水被浪费了。八、“a (good/great) number of/a group of/a variety of +名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数，“the number of / the variety of+名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数，“amounts of / quantities of + 不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数 A number of books are lent out from the library every day. 每天有许多书从图书馆被借走。 The number of the people present is not known. 出席人数尚不知道。九、有些名词，单、复数同形，作主语时，其谓语动词按上下文意义定。表示单数意义用单数动词，表示复数意义用复数动词 这一类名词常用的有：means, works（工厂）, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means is useful .不是每种方法都有用。 Not all means are useful.不是所有的方法都有用。 There is a chemical works near the river.河边有家化工厂。十、none, neither作主语，谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数（用复数多出现于口语）： None of us has/have ever been to Beijing. 我们谁都没去过北京。 Neither of the books is/are of any use to him. 两本书他都用不着。