2019-2020年高中英语Unit3FairnessforallReading.doc

2019-2020年高中英语Unit3FairnessforallReadingAimsTo help students develop their reading ability To help students learn about fairnessProcedures Warming up by learning about how to be a fair personHello, class. We have e to Unit 3 Fairness for all. But what is fairness? What does a fair person do? How do fairness and unfairness affect our relationships with others?Have you ever said, thats unfair? How do you know when something is unfair? Has anybody ever tricked you or cheated you? How did you feel about it? Lets discuss how to be a fair person ourselves. Treat people the way you want to be treated. Take Turns. Tell the truth. Play by the rules. Think about how your actions will affect others. Listen to people with an open mind. Dont blame others for your mistakes. Dont take advantage of other people. Dont play favorites. Warming up by learning about the six pillars of characterGood morning, class! Do you know the words “character ”? How is your character formed? Your character is defined by what you do, not what you say or believe. There are six pillars or supporting stones of our character. And they are: Trustworthiness Respect Responsibility Fairness Caring Citizenship Warming up by learning about some of the great men Martin Luther King is known throughout the world as a famous civil rights activist. He did not believe it was fair that blacks did not have the same rights as whites. Here are some examples of ways blacks were treated unfairly in MLKs time. Separate drinking fountains Colored balconies in movie theaters Mandatory seats in the back of buses Soldiers were needed to help young African Americans attend school safely.I. Pre-reading-American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1954) The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The movement has had a lasting impact on United States society, both in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights it brought about and its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism. It has been made up of many movements, though it most often refers to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. This article focuses on an earlier phase of that particular struggle, using two United States Supreme Court decisionsPlessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which enshrined separate but equal racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which overturned Plessyas milestones. This is an era of stops and starts, in which some movements, such as Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association, achieved great success but left little lasting legacy, while others, such as the NAACPs legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved only modest results in its early years but gradually built to a key victory in Brown v. Board of Education. After the Civil War the United States offered civil rights and laws privledges to Afro-Americans. The Government of the United States passed an amendment ending slavery in 1865, it was the Thirteen Amendment of the United States Constitution. This amendment only outlawed slavery, it did not provide citizenship and equal rights. The government of the United States passed another amendment giving Afro-Americans residing in the United States citizenship. In 1868, the Fourteen Amendment of the United States Constitution was passed, offering Afro-Americans citizenship. Blacks born in the United States had equal protection under the laws of the Constitution. and the 15th Amendment (1870), which provided the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of race. During Reconstruction (1865-1877), Northern troops occupied the South and enforced these new constitutional amendments. Many blacks took prominent positions in society, including elected office. Reconstruction ended following the promise of 1877 between Northern white elites and Southern white elites. The promise called for the withdrawal of Northern troops from the South, giving Southern whites a free hand to reinstitute discriminatory practices, in exchange for deciding the contentious Presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, supported by Northern states, over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden. The Radical Republicans who spearheaded Reconstruction had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. That effort was largely ended by the Supreme Courts decision in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), in which it held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give Congress power to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals or businesses.II. Reading On page 22 there is an article entitled “THE START OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT”You are going to read it to the recording. Now read the text again to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions. THE START OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTSunday, December 4th, 1955Today /we went to church/ where our minister, Martin Luther King, Jr, announced that/ a boycott of the buses/ and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow. Ive always hated having to sit/ in the worst seats/ on the bus /so /Im happy to support it. Dr King encourages us /to fight against this unfair system/ which prohibits us /blacks /from sitting /where we like. It is regarded as an offence/ if we sit /at the front of a bus /and/ if we break this law, we receive a heavy punishment. But /on Thursday, Im glad to say, this unjust separation of people/ on the basis of skin color/ was challenged. A black lady, Rosa Parks, got on board a city bus /and sat in the fifth row/ with three other blacks. Gradually/ the seats/ for whites/ filled until one white man remained standing. By law/ he could not sit with Rosa/ and by tradition /blacks were expected to move. All four /were asked to stand. The other three /submitted/ but Rosa was unwilling to do so/ and she refused. She was arrested. How brave /she was! Im not sure/ if I would have had enough courage/ to refuse/ like that. King /and the other black leaders/ in Montgomery/ have seized on this incident/ and decided on a collision course /to change the law. Theyre hopeful that /they can negotiate a fairer situation/ if all the blacks /support them. But I do worry about what will happen tomorrow. Will it be chaos?December 5th, 1955This morning /I yawned/ as I woke /even earlier/ than usual, but my sister, Serena was already up. She urged me/ to dress quickly /and to wear my most fortable sandals. Immediately /I jumped out of bed. I like to be punctual/ for work /and no boycott is going to make me late. By coincidence/ a bus arrived /as we reached the empty bus stop, but we ignored it. Normally/ we would have been only too happy, as it would have guaranteed us a seat/ for the whole journey. But /not today! Taxis passed/ all full of passengers/ as we pedestrians marched on the pavement. Those /in the cars /waved /and /we saluted them back. The whites, on the other hand, shouted abuse at us. We felt their hostility /but it only made us firmer/ in our resolve. Luckily/ when I felt /I could walk no further, a black taxi driver/ offered us a lift. It seemed like an answer /to a prayer! No chaos /after all/ and I even arrived at work/ on time!The boycott continued very successfully/ for a year. Maryann Jones became accustomed to travelling to work /without the bus. Meanwhile /the hostility of the whites/ grew.January 25th, 1956What excitement! Serena came home /to say that /the news/ that the boycott was over/ was going to be all over the newspapers /tomorrow. I was eager to know the result. “Its not true,” she shouted at me. “Its just a story/ made up by the whites /to stop our campaign. Weve been too successful /for them. Martin Luther King, Jr came/ and told me /himself /that it was just a trick. We must continue /till we win.” Ive never seen her /as angry as that, so I kept quiet. Maybe/ white businesses are suffering now /since we dont shop downtown/ anymore. But it must mean /were winning. I wont mind my tired feet/ tomorrow. I wonder whether /theyll try other tricks?They did. The houses of Martin Luther King, Jr /and the other leaders/ were bombed. But/ this did not stop the boycott. Encouraged by a Supreme Court decision/ that public education /must be mixed nationwide, the leaders went to court/ to argue against separation /on buses. It was not until November 13, 1956/ that the US Supreme Court/ declared separation/ on buses/ was not constitutional.November 13th, 1956Today is a red letter day! In court /we won a fundamental victory /in the battle /for our civil rights. If black /and white students /must now be educated together, why should people be seated /in buses /according to the color of their skin? The Supreme Court agreed /it was wrong, so /from now on /well be able to sit/ where we like /on buses. My happiness is plete! We may only have struck one small blow /for liberty/ but/ who knows /where itll lead?Maryann Jones was right. The success/ of the Montgomery bus boycott /began the Civil Rights Movement /that led to the improvement /of conditions /for black people /in education, housing, jobs, voting /and hotels /throughout the USA.III. Copying expressions and making sentencesgo to church, hate doing sth., on the bus, encourage sb. to do sth., fight against, prohibit sb. from doing sth., be regarded as sth., at the front of sth., break the law, receive a heavy punishment, be glad to do sth, separation of people, on the basis of, skin color, get on board a bus, fill the seat, by law, by tradition, be expected to do sth., be asked to do sth., be unwilling to do sth., have enough courage to do sth., decide on sth., a collision course, change the law, negotiate a fairer situation, earlier than usual, be up, urge sb. to do sth., jump out of bed, be punctual for work, make one late, by coincidence, an empty bus stop, guarantee sb. sth., march on the pavement, on the other hand, shoute abuse at sb., be firm in ones resolve, offere sb. a lift, arrive at work on time, bee accustomed to sth., be all over the newspapers, be eager to do sth., know the result, shout at sb., make up a story, keep quiet, try another trick, public education, go to court, the US Supreme Court, a red letter day, in court, win a fundamental victory, in a battle for sth., civil rights, according to, from now on, strike a small blow, the success of sth., the Civil Rights Movement, lead to sth., the improvement of conditions for sb.IV. Transferring informationTHE START OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Sunday, December 4th, 1955What did Martin Luther King, Jr, announce one day?Martin Luther King, Jr, announced that a boycott of the buses and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow. December 5th, 1955What did I feel in the whites?We felt their hostility but it only made us firmer in our resolve.January 25th, 1956What did Martin Luther King, Jr, e to tell us?Martin Luther King, Jr came and told me himself that it was just a trick. We must continue till we win.”November 13th, 1956What did win in court?In court we won a fundamental victory in the battle for our civil rights.V. Closing down by getting to know-what is fairness? One of the major causes of conflict is that two people think things are not fair. By fair, we can also include the ideas of just, equal, good, ethical or moral, and the mechanisms of how we achieve this state. I am reminded of the following problem. You have two children, and a delicious ice cream cake sits before them. The task is, how to divide it, so that there isnt a fight over who gets the larger half.A most remarkable solution es from Game Theory. The optimum strategy: let one child cut the cake, while the other chooses which piece to take! Thus, in order not to get cheated, the cutter is motivated to divide the cake into two halves that are as nearly equal as possible. Greed insures fair division. Each child anticipates what the other will do, (the cutter anticipates the chooser will take the larger piece) and this is what makes it such an interesting game. The children do not have to even think about generosity or what is fair, just self-interest, and the oute is fair! And if the children cannot decide who is going to cut, well then, it will just melt away!Additional MaterialsAdditional reading Fairness for AllBy Scott BaanrudTo my fellow man,I am a white American living in Minnesota. I am 29 years old and feel the pain of the Muslim plight of the past decades. I am a humble man who will be the first to tell you that I do not have a plete understanding of the history of the Muslim people. I do have a desire to understand more fully. That is what brought me to your site. I believe in humanity and fairness for all of man. I do not belong to a particular faith or subscribe to a particular political party.I guess what I am saying is that I try to be a teacher to the people I know or have conversations with. It is up to us as people to foster an understanding of how this hate and distrust has been building for many, many years. The mainstream media in my country has delivered a big injustice to all who desire to know the truth of the world and our foreign policies. We as Americans have the ability to put in power a just government that will deal with the rest of the world in a truly fair and honorable fashion.I will continue to teach. It is our duty as American citizens to be fully aware of how our government deals with the rest of the world. I have wept for the loss of innocent lives in New York. But I have been weeping for the loss of innocent lives in the Middle East for over a decade. May peace be with you.Scott Baanrud One World One Peaceplete the summary of the text with one word in each blank.The Montgomery Bus Boycott officially started on December 1, 1955. _1_ was the day _2_ the blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided _3_ they would boycott the city buses _4_ they could sit _5_ they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back _6_ a white boarded. It was not, however, the day _7_ the movement to desegregate the buses started. Perhaps the movement started on the day in 1943 _8_ a black seamstress named Rosa Parks paid her bus fare _9_ then watched the bus drive off as she tried to re-enter through the rear door, _10_ the driver had told her to do. Perhaps the movement started on the day in 1949 _11_ a black professor Jo Ann Robinson absentmindedly sat at the front of a nearly empty bus, then ran off in tears _12_ the bus driver screamed at her for doing so. Perhaps the movement started on the day in the early 1950s _13_ a black pastor named Vernon Johns tried to get other blacks to leave a bus in protest _14_ he was forced to give up his seat to a white man, only to have them tell him, You ought to knowed better.(key: 1. That 2. when 3. that 4.until 5. anywhere 6.when 7. that 8. when 9.and 10.as 11. when 12.when 13. when 14. after )Notes to the special sentences1. Ive always hated having to sit in the worst seats on the bus. 我一直讨厌坐在公交车最糟糕的座位上。having to sit in the worst seats on the bus是动名词作宾语。有些动词须用动名词来做宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. 比如：Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。I like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。Do you mind my opening the windows? 你介意我打开窗户吗？She is found of collecting stamp. 她喜欢集邮。2. By law he could not sit with Rosa and by tradition blacks were expected to move.依法，他不能和罗仕坐在一起，依传统，黑人得起身离去。句中by law和by tradition 是表示“方法”的介词短语。由by引导的介词短语还有：by accident， by all means方法，by parison， by far， by means of， by mistake， by no means， by reason of， by the way， by virtue of:由于，by way of3. Theyre hopeful that they can negotiate a fairer situation if all the blacks support them. 他们希望他们可以协商获得一个更好的形势，如果所有黑人都支持他们。句中that引导的是形容词的宾语从句。它例：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4. Normally we would have been only too happy, as it would have guaranteed us a seat for the whole journey. 正常情况下我们会很高兴的，因为我们有保障了整个旅途有座位了。本句是主从复合句，主句和从句谓语动词都是与过去事实相对应的虚拟语气。5. Maryann Jones became accustomed to traveling to work without the bus. 玛丽安钟斯习惯上班不坐公共汽车了。be accustomed to和be used to都表示“习惯于”。这个“to”是介词，后接名词或动名词，比如：I am not accustomed to getting up early.我不习惯早起。 Grandfather was accustomed to take a walk after dinner.爷爷习惯在晚餐后散步。I am used to getting up early and going to bed early. He is used to being praised by others.6. Ive never seen her as angry as that, so I kept quiet. 我从未见过她生气生的如此厉害,因此我保持安静。句中as angry as that作宾语补语，quiet作半系动词的表语。半系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语，这类词有： 表感观的系动词：look, sound, taste, smell, feel（这些词用形容词作表语）， seem, appear 表变化的系动词：bee, get, turn, grow, make, e, go, fall, run 表依旧的系动词：remain, keep, stay, continue, stand, rest, lie, hold 可带名词作表语的系动词：be, bee, make, look, sound, fall, prove, remain, turn（该词后接的单数名词 前多不用冠词。如：He turned teacher.）（91高考）These oranges taste_. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well7. Today is a red letter day! 今天是一个好日子! Do you know the origin and meaning of the term red-letter day? The term is frequently used by television newsreaders in reference to a particularly favorable occurrence. Red-letter means simply memorable or important, esp. in a happy or favorable way. The expression es from the long-established practice of using red ink to indicate holy days in ecclesiastical calendars. A red-letter day-literally a day written in red letters-was a holy day, or church festival, and thus came to mean any memorable or happy day. Red letter meaning a red letter that indicates a holy day on a calendar dates at least to the fifteenth century; the expression red-letter day is first found in the early 1700s.8. We may only have struck one small blow for liberty but who knows where itll lead? 我们只是为自由进行了一次小小的打击，但谁又知道它将把我们引向何方？由strike构成的短语还有：strike a blow against/at something/someone，strike a blow for something/someone，意思是：to do something to support an idea or to change a situation to something which you believe is good. 例如：The courts decision strikes a blow against minority rights. He claims to be striking a blow for gender equality by employing an equal number of men and women. This latest agreement will strike a blow for free trade within the EU.相关高考链接英语语法：动词时态、语态本单元全面复习英语动词时态。汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。1一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get.2现在进行时