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第1讲 细节理解题,考点1 直接信息理解类 【典例】(2015浙江高考B片段) . . . Most graphs have a few basic parts: a caption or introduction paragraph, a title, a legend or key, and labeled axes. An active reader looks at each part of the graph before trying to interpret the data. Captions will usually tell you where the data came from (for example, a scientific study of 400 Africanelephants from 1980 to 2005). Captions usually summarize the authors main point as well. The title is very,important. It tells you the main idea of the graph by stating what kind of information is being shown. A legend, also called a key, is a guide to the symbols and colors used in the graph. Many graphs, including bar graphs and line graphs, have two axes that form a corner. Usually these axes are the left side and the bottom of the graph. Each axis will always have a label. The label tells you what each axis measures. . . .,Q: When used in a graph, a legend is_. A. a guide to the symbols and colors B. an introduction paragraph C. the main idea D. the data,【解题思路】 速读文章, 试找出相关的信息句, 并突出关键词: _ _ 尝试解答: _,A legend, also called a,key, is a guide to the symbols and colors used in the graph.,A,【解题技巧】 1. “断章取义”寻依据 考生要从文段中获得回答细节题的具体信息, 可用“寻读法”, 即画出题干中的关键词语, 然后在文章中找出可能包含所需信息的段落或句子。运用此法时, 应根据文段的结构和写作顺序, 有针对性地寻读, 迅速锁定相关内容。 2. 常见命题方式 特殊疑问句形式表达: 以when, where, what, which, who, how等疑问词开头引出的问题。,考点2 间接信息理解类 【典例】(2015浙江高考A片段) From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading. This means that when they dont know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.,One day soon after school had started, I said to them, “Now Im going to say something about reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot of books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, thats enough for me. Also Im not going to ask you what words mean. ” . . .,Q: The teacher told his students to read_. A. for enjoyment B. for knowledge C. for a larger vocabulary D. for higher scores in exams,【解题思路】 速读文章, 试找出相关的信息句, 并突出与选项同义的词: _ 尝试解答: _,. . . but I want you to read them only for pleasure.,A,【解题技巧】 1. “同义互释”定选项 间接理解题答案选项的表述通常不是使用文章的原话, 而是使用与文中同义或近义的词语来表达。可运用排除法, 将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项提前进行排除。,2. 正确选项有以下特征 对原句的关键词进行替换。 词性或语态有所变化。 语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化。 正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达。 3. 常见命题方式 According to the author/passage. . . The reason. . . is that_. From. . . we can learn_.,考点3 数字计算类 【典例】(2015四川高考C片段) Across Britain, burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers. But, according to a new study, we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.,Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as much as172, 000 a year. The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income30, 000 more than the Prime Minister earns.,By analysing the numbers, it found the average mother works 119 hours a week, 40 of which would usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hours as overtime. After questioning 1, 000 mothers with children under 18, it found that, on most days, mums started their routine work at 7am and finished at around 11pm. . . .,Q: How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister? A. 30, 000. B. 142, 000. C. 172, 000. D. 202, 000.,【解题思路】 速读文章, 试找出相关的数据。 _ _ _ 尝试解答: _,. . . if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as,much as172, 000 a year. . . . This would make their yearly income,30, 000 more than the Prime Minister earns.,B(172, 000-30, 000=142, 000)。,【解题技巧】 1. “列表推算”得数据 关键是要弄清各数据之间的逻辑关系, 选准比较的数据, 弄清单位换算关系, 确定计算方法。 先阅读题干, 然后带着题干中的关键词去读文章, 对于数字、时间、年代等在读的同时做好标记, 以便读完文章后进行相应的计算。 简单的数据可采用“推算法”, 即以有关数据为基础, 进行简单的运算。 数据较多的文章, 通常采用“列表法”, 即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出, 化模糊为清晰, 为计算打下基础。,2. 常见命题方式 特殊疑问句形式表达: 以when, in which year, how many/much. . . 等疑问词开头引出的问题。,考点4 正误判断类 【典例】(2014福建高考A) It was Mothers Day morning last year and I was doing my shopping at our local supermarket with my five-year-old son, Tenyson. As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit her head on the concrete. Her husband was with her, but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.,Walking towards the scene, Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to the couple. He said to me, “Mum, its not much fun falling over in front of everyone. ” At the front of the supermarket a charity(慈善)group had set up a stand selling cooked sausages and flowers to raise funds. Tenyson suggested that we should buy the lady a flower. “It will make her feel better, ”he said. I was amazed that hed come up with this sweet idea. So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady to cheer her up. “Just take it, ”she replied. “I cant take your money for such a wonderful gesture. ”,By now paramedics(救援人员)had arrived, and were attending the injured woman. As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her. Instead I gave the flower to the womans husband and told him, “My son was very upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better. ”,At that, the old man started crying and said, “Thank you so much, you have a wonderful son. Happy Mothers Day to you. ” The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. Though badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.,Q: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. The elderly woman was knocked down by Tenyson. B. Tenysons idea of buying a flower gained his mothers support. C. Tenysons care for the elderly woman puzzled the flower seller. D. The elderly woman was moved to tears by Tenysons gesture.,【解题思路】 速读文章, 试找出与四个选项相关的信息句: A项: _ _ B项: _ C项: _ _ D项: _ _ 尝试解答: _,As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly,woman had fallen over at the entrance. . .,So we went over to the flower seller and asked her. . .,“Just take it, ”she replied. “I cant take your money for such a,wonderful gesture. ”,. . . the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and,gave him a little smile.,B,【解题技巧】 1. “去伪存真”辨是非 速览题目所提供的四个选项。 若各选项针对同一内容, 则要注意找出各选项之间的差别, 再带着问题去原文中核实文章的实际内容; 若各个选项陈述的内容不一致, 则要根据题干或选项中提供的线索回读原文, 逐个找到相关句, 最后确定答案。 注意表达“绝对化”的选项一般不是正确答案。 2. 常见命题方式 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? Which of the following is NOT true according to. . . ?,【误区纠偏】 1.扩缩范围：通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息中的范围、程度等加以改变，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误的。 2.无中生有：干扰项与所阅读的文章内容没有任何联系。 3.偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的单词，但句意改变。,考点5 细节排序类 【典例】(2014四川高考C) A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的)reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.,However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压)until the ambulance arrived. Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest. ”,“Shes a little star, ”said Debbie. “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just cant believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert. ” Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.,Q: Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped. A. B. C. D. ,【解题思路】 速读文章, 试找出四个所给事件发生的先后顺序: 事件1: _ 事件2: _ 事件3: _ 事件4: _ 尝试解答: _,Izzy learned CPR.,Colms heart stopped.,Debbie called 999.,Izzy kicked Colm.,C,【解题技巧】 1. “首尾定位”排序列 此类题目要求考生根据动作发生的时间顺序及句子之间的逻辑关系, 找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。可采用“首尾定位法”, 即先找出第一件事情和最后一件事情, 迅速缩小范围, 快速选出正确答案; 也可使用“代入淘汰法”按顺序逐一排除, 从而得出正确答案。 2. 常见命题方式 Whats the right order of the events? In which order. . . ?,【文体链接】 一、应用文的文体特点 1. 选材特点: 信息量大, 文句精练, 形式灵活, 用最短的篇幅表达最大量的信息。 2. 内容特点: 生活化、实用化、多样化, 如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。 3. 形式特点: 标题醒目, 重点突出, 条理清晰, 常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。 4. 语言特点: 人名、地名、专有名词多; 生词多; 缩略词、祈使句、省略句多; 结构不完整。,5. 命题特点: 主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力, 既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合, 又注重推理判断题的考查, 题目设置相对较容易。,二、应用文的做题技巧 1. 先题后文: 先读试题, 了解考点; 明确目的, 快速捕捉, 获取信息。 2. 题干定向: 根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围, 按照题目顺序依次而下: 问题与材料相同: 对号入座; 问题与原文相同: 同义替换、归纳事实等。 3. 生词模糊: 遇到生词; 如无关答题, 直接跳过; 涉及答题, 则根据语境、构词法等猜词。 4. 信息补全: 对于影响理解的省略句, 可根据语境, 将其补全。,
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