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第2讲 代词、介词和介词短语,考点1 代词it用法 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)How would you like_if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? A. them B. one C. those D. it 【解析】选D。句意: 要是你正在看你喜爱的电视节目, 而有人进来并且不经你允许就把它关掉了你会有何感受? like it when/if结构为常用的短语搭配。,2. (2014浙江高考)An average of just 18. 75 cm of rain fell last year, making _ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. A. each B. it C. this D. one 【解析】选B。句意: 去年平均降雨量为18. 75厘米, 是加利福尼亚州1850年建立以来最干旱的年份。句中it指代的是last year。,3. (2014大纲版全国卷)Whos that at the door? _is the milkman. A. He B. It C. This D. That 【解析】选B。句意: 谁在大门那儿? 是送牛奶的人。当不能确定对方的性别或身份时常用it指代某人。,4. (2014山东高考)Susan made_clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. A. that B. this C. it D. her 【解析】选C。句意: 苏珊明确向我说明, 她想为自己谋得一种新生活。此处it作形式宾语, 而真正的宾语为that引导的宾语从句。,5. (2014陕西高考)Id appreciate _ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. A. it B. you C. one D. this 【解析】选A。句意: 如果你能让我提前知道你是否能来, 我会很感激的。Id appreciate it if sb. did. . . 如果某人做我会很感激的, 是固定句型。,6. (2012全国卷)Sarah made_to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning. A. herself B. this C. that D. it 【解析】选D。句意: 今天早晨萨拉及时到达机场, 赶上了飞机。make it为固定短语, 表示成功做成某事。,【解题技巧】 1. 明确选项代词所指向的考点意义: (1)看到提供的四个代词要想到此题考查重点是代词用法辨析; (2)快速回忆所提供代词词义并读出题干要表达的语境, 要想到命题人所要达到的考试意图。,2. 代词it在特定语境中的准确运用, 包括: (1)代替前文提到的某个特定的事物; (2)主要用于身份不具体或不能确定的人; (3)用作形式主语或形式宾语; (4)用于某些特定的短语或句式中:,考点2 it, (the)one, (the)ones, that, those等替代词的用法 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)The quality of education in this small school is better than_in some larger schools. A. that B. one C. it D. this 【解析】选A。句意: 这所小学校的教学质量要比一些大学校的教学质量好。that可以指代可数名词单数, 表特指, 也可指代不可数名词; one指代可数名词单数, 表示泛指; it指代同名同物; this指代上文提到的事物。the quality of education不可数, 故选A。,2. (2013四川高考)The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_on the small ones. A. one B. this C. that D. it 【解析】选C。句意: 主干道上的交通比小街道的交通拥有更长时间的绿灯信号。one指代前文的表泛指的单数可数名词; this为指示代词, 表示“这个”; that指代前文不可数名词或表特指的单数可数名词; it指代前文提到的那个事物。根据句意可知是特指不同街道的green signal, 故用that。,3. (2013浙江高考)Half of _ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears. A. these B. some C. ones D. those 【解析】选D。句意: 来自16个国家的被调查的人中, 一半人说他们会在第一时间告诉他们最好的朋友最大的愿望以及最大的恐惧。those代指the people, 此处有定语修饰, 是特指。ones是泛指。,【解题技巧】 1. 明确it, (the)one, (the)ones, that, those替代的名词。,注意: (1)the one有后置定语时可换成that; (2)the ones有后置定语时可换成those; (3)that指代物, 不指代人(定语从句中除外); one可指代人或物。,2. 正确理解句子结构。分析句中空白部分在句中应替代的成分, 是替代前面特定的名词还是泛指不可数名词、可数的名词单数或复数概念, 判断要填入的代词, 然后对比选项从而挑出合适的选项。,考点3 不定代词的用法 【典例】1. (2015重庆高考)The meeting will be held in September, but_knows the date for sure. A. everybody B. nobody C. anybody D. somebody 【解析】选B。句意: 这个会议将在九月举行。但是没有人确切地知道日期。根据连词but可知前后两句为转折关系, 从而选择表示否定意义的B项。,2. (2015四川高考)Niki is always full of ideas, but_is useful to my knowledge. A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none 【解析】选D。句意: Niki总是有很多点子, 但是据我所知, 所有这些点子都没有用。从句子中but一词可判断前后句是转折关系, 故要用none表示“所有的都不”。,3. (2015陕西高考)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against_. A. another B. the other C. other D. either 【解析】选B。句意: 为了取暖, 这个水手坐在火堆前, 一只光脚摩擦另一只。another另一个, 用于三者或者三者以上; the other另一个, 用于两者; other其他的; either两者中任何一个, 也。脚是两只, 故选B。,4. (2015福建高考)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but_contained any useful suggestions. A. all B. none C. either D. neither 【解析】选D。句意: 研究小组在调查的基础上出具了两份报告, 但是没一份含有有用的建议。all和none作代词时, 分别指三者或以上的数量, all表示肯定“全部, 都”, none表示否定“没有一个”; either或neither则指代两者, either表示肯定, 意为“两者之中任何一个”; neither表示否定, 意为“两者都不”。,5. (2014江苏高考)Good families are much to all their members, but _ to none. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing 【解析】选C。句意: 优秀的家庭对于所有的成员来说意义重大, 却并不是一切。none相当于not any与everything连用表示部分否定。,【解题技巧】 关注以下常用代词及特殊结构用法: 1. something, anything, nothing及nothing but, anything but,2. none, no one/nobody, nothing 注意: no one无任何人, nothing无任何物, none无任何上文提到的人或物。,3. both, all, either, any, neither, none,考点4 介词用法 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea? A. about B. to C. with D. over 【解析】选B。句意: 你是否听说过既是陆地动物又是海洋动物的栖息地的树木? home一词在英语中常与介词to搭配, 意为“的家乡, 的栖息地或所在地”。,2. (2015福建高考)A common memory they all have_their school days is the school uniform. A. of B. on C. to D. with 【解析】选A。句意: 对于他们的上学的那些日子, 他们都共同记得的是校服。句中they all have作a common memory的定语, 结合句意可知空格处用介词of构成词组“a common memory of their school days”。,3. (2014浙江高考)People wont pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _ expression. A. from B. over C. with D. for 【解析】选D。句意: 当人们有很多自己急需表达的观点的时候, 他们就不会关注到你了。for在句中表示“为了”, 其后语意强调目的, cry for表示“要求; 急需”, 其他几个选项均无与cry的固定搭配。,4. (2014陕西高考)The Scottish girl_blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest. A. by B. of C. in D. with 【解析】选D。句意: 长着蓝眼睛的苏格兰女孩在第五届汉语演讲比赛中得了第一名。with表示“带(长)有, 佩戴”。故D正确。,【解题技巧】 明确常用介词及其用法:,考点5 介词短语用法 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)Most people work because its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work. A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D. In conclusion 【解析】选C。句意: 大多数人工作是因为工作是不可避免的。相比之下, 有些人的确很喜欢工作。根据句意可知前后是转折对比关系, 故选C。,2. (2015浙江高考)These comments came _ specific questions often asked by local newsmen. A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of 【解析】选B。句意: 这些评论是对当地新闻记者时常提出的各种具体问题的回答。in memory of为纪念; in response to响应, 回答; in touch with与有联系, 和有接触; in possession of拥有。由句意可知此处指“对这些问题的回答”, 故选B。,3. (2014浙江高考)While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything_. A. in return B. in common C. in turn D. in place 【解析】选A。句意: 当待在村庄里的时候, 詹姆斯无私地和村民们分享他拥有的任何东西, 不求任何回报。in return作为回报, 符合句意。in common共有的; in turn反过来, 依次; in place在适当的位置。,4. (2014浙江高考)Facing up to your problems _ running away from them is the best approach to working things out. A. more than B. rather than C. along with D. or rather 【解析】选B。句意: 勇敢面对你遇到的问题而不是逃避它们是最好的解决问题的方式。more than超过, 多于; rather than而不是; along with连同一起, 与一道; or rather更精确地说。,5. (2013浙江高考)It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. , Ill set the table. A. As a result B. On the whole C. In the meanwhile D. As a matter of fact 【解析】选C。句意: 如果你去商店购买我们晚餐需要的东西就算帮了大忙; 同时, 我会收拾好餐桌。as a result结果; on the whole总体来说; in the meanwhile与此同时; as a matter of fact事实上。,【解题技巧】 介词短语往往形式固定, 无结构变化, 考生需要对特定短语的结构进行记忆和有效识别: 1. “介词/复合介词+名词”型: in vain徒然; in advance事先, 提前; in turn反过来; in detail详细地; in need在危难中, 在困境中; on purpose故意地; by accident/chance偶然地; in debt负债; beyond recognition认不出, 面目全非; out of question毫无疑问; out of date过期的, 过时的; on the contrary相反; in particular尤其, 特别是; around the corner即将来临。,2. “介词+名词+介词”型: in place of代替; in addition to除了; in spite of尽管, 不顾; on behalf of代表; in reply to答复; in response to响应, 对作出反应; by means of用, 依靠; in charge of主管, 负责; in favor of支持, 赞同; in case of以免; in terms of依据, 按照; on account of由于, 因为; in relation to关于, 涉及; with regard to关于; in association with与相联系; in return for作为对的回报。 3. 其他类型: due to因为, 由于; apart from除之外; thanks to幸亏; rather than而不是; other than除了; instead of而不是; regardless of不管, 不顾; except for除了。,【误区纠偏】 易错点1 no one, none, nothing, anything, everything等混淆 (2013安徽高考)This project requires close teamwork. _will be achieved unless we work well together. A. Nothing B. Anything C. Something D. Everything,(变式)This project requires close teamwork, that means we should work well together. A. nothing B. anything C. something D. everything (变式)This project requires close teamwork. can ignore the fact that we should work well together. A. Nothing B. None C. Something D. No one,【点拨】 (1)题句意: 这个项目需要密切合作。除非我们一起好好工作, 否则将一事无成(nothing)。一定要注意unless(除非=if. . . not. . . )所强调的前后句间的逻辑关系。故选A。 (2)题中通过关键词means可知所填空与means后面的句意是一个意思, 即需要选择的词代指前面的close teamwork这一短语, 故用something作同位语, 表示“某种意味着的东西”之意。故选C。,(3)题中发出ignore这一动作的主语应该是人, 而且根据语境可知此处为泛指, none是特指, no one=nobody是泛指。故选D。 (4)代词题目关键要突破两大点: 明确指代(指人指物; 可数不可数; 指代几者; 特指或泛指); 明确逻辑(上下文句意; 指代的具体范围),易错点2 it, one, ones, that, those, what用法混淆 The new traffic rules that took effect on January 1 are much stricter than_in the past. A. that B. this C. what D. those (变式)Though the new traffic rule that took effect on January 1 is quite strict, most drivers are in favor of_. A. one B. it C. what D. those,(变式)Though the new traffic rules that took effect on January 1 are quite strict, we are expecting stricter_. A. that B. it C. those D. ones (变式)The new traffic rule that took effect on January 1 is quite a strict regulation, most drivers are in favor of. A. that B. this C. it D. one,【点拨】 (1)题句意: 1月1日生效的新交规比过去的那些要严格很多。those代指the traffic rules。故选D。 (2)题句意: 尽管1月1日生效的新交规很严格, 但是大部分司机赞成此交规。it代指上面提到的同名同物, 即the new traffic rule。故选B。 (3)题句意: 尽管1月1日生效的很多新交规非常严格, 但是我们盼望着能有一些更严格的交规。ones代指与上面提到名词(复数)the new traffic rules同类的, 但是“更严格”的一些交规。故选D。,(4)题句意: 1月1日生效的新交规非常严格, 是一个大部分司机都特别支持的法规。one作quite a strict regulation的同位语, 后面是定语从句, 省略了引导词that或which。故选D。 (5)one=a(n)+单数名词, 泛指; ones =零冠词+复数名词, 泛指; that= the+单数名词或不可数名词, 特指; those=the+复数名词, 特指; it指代前文提到的同名同物; one, ones之前或之后均可以加定语修饰; that, those只能加后置定语修饰。,易错点3 固定搭配误用 All the people present were shocked_the way he treated his friends. A. in B. on C. by D. for The school praised the girl_the way she faced up to the difficulties in her life. A. in B. on C. by D. for Maria had been expecting to get the house cleaned, but her three kids were always_the way, which annoyed her. A. in B. on C. by D. for,【点拨】 (1)题句意: 所有在场的人都被他对待朋友的方式震惊了。本题事实上不是在考查way短语的搭配, 而是在考查be shocked by. . . 这一结构, 断句就成了正确解答此题的关键, 因此正确选项为C项。 (2)题是对praise sb. for sth. 结构的考查, the way其实只是for的宾语, 选D。 (3)题做题的关键在于对in the way短语的正确理解。句意: Maria一直想要把房间打扫干净, 可是她的三个孩子一直碍事, 这使她生气。in the way妨碍, 挡道; on the way在途中, 即将到来; by the way顺便说一下。由句子语境可知, 选A。,
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