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第11讲 特殊句式和主谓一致,考点1 倒装句 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)Only when Lily walked into the office _ that she had left the contract at home. A. she realized B. has she realized C. she has realized D. did she realize 【解析】选D。句意: 当莉莉走进办公室的时候, 她才意识到她把合同落在家里了。only位于句首后面跟状语或者状语从句时, 主句要部分倒装。根据题干可知是过去的事情, 故用一般过去时。,2. (2014陕西高考)No sooner _ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. A. had Mo Yan B. Mo Yan had C. has Mo Yan D. Mo Yan has 【解析】选A。句意: 莫言一登上讲台, 观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。no sooner. . . than. . . 一就, no sooner所在的句子用过去完成时, 位于句首时要把had提前构成部分倒装。,3. (2014大纲版全国卷)_the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. A. Not do only B. Do not only C. Only not do D. Not only do 【解析】选D。句意: 护士们不仅想涨工资, 而且还想减少工作时间。根据句意和句子结构可知, 逗号前面是not only位于句首构成的倒装句。not only位于句首引导句子时, 用部分倒装, 即把助动词放在主语前面。,4. (2013辽宁高考)At no time_the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them. A. they actually broke B. do they actually break C. did they actually break D. they had actually broken 【解析】选C。句意: 他们绝对没有违反比赛规则, 惩罚他们是不公平的。at no time放在句首, 句子要倒装。又根据句中的时态是一般过去时, 故用一般过去时。,【解题技巧】 1. 掌握全部倒装基本情况: (1)看到There be句型, 就要想到在There+be+主语+地点/时间的句型中, 主语在谓语be动词后面, 这是倒装。注意: 这种倒装句在There seems/happened/used/. . . to be等句型中也同样适用。 There happened to be a friend of mine in the park. (2)看到以here, there, in, out, up, down, away, then等副词开头的句子中, 句子就要倒装, 以示强调。 Out rushed the children.,2. 掌握部分倒装的情况: (1)看到以so开头, 表示上句中谓语所述情况也适用于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中, 表示“也一样”“也这样”的句子时就要倒装。这种倒装的句型是: so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语。 We saw that movie yesterday, and so did they. (2)看到以neither, nor开头的句子, 表示“也不这样”时, 句子就要倒装, 其句型是: neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语。 I have never gone abroad, and neither has he.,(3)看到以never, hardly, not only, little, seldom, nowhere, not until, hardly. . . when, no sooner. . . than, by no means等表示否定或半否定意义的副词或词组开头的句子中, 句子就要倒装。其句型是: 否定或半否定的副词或词组+be/助动词/情态动词+主语。 Never have I realized that water is so precious. (4)看到only在句首修饰一个状语或状语从句时, 该句就要倒装。句型为: only+状语/状语从句+ be/助动词/情态动词+主语。 Only in this way can we learn English well. (5)看到虚拟语气条件从句中的if省略时, 就要把句中的were, had, should移至主语之前。,考点2 省略句 【典例】1. (2015湖南高考)Video games can be a poor influence if _ in the wrong hands. A. to leave B. leaving C. leave D. left 【解析】选D。句意: 视频游戏如果任其泛滥将产生极坏的影响。分析句子结构得知此处考查省略结构, 完整句子为if they are left. . . 。,2. (2014福建高考)The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, _, reaching 30in summer. A. if not B. if ever C. if any D. if so 【解析】选B。句意: 这儿气候宜人, 如果曾经有过(高温)的话, 夏天温度也很少达到30摄氏度。if ever意为“如果曾经有过或即使有过的话”, 其作用是缓和语气。,3. (2013浙江高考)There are some health problems that, when _ in time, can become bigger ones later on. A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not having been treated 【解析】选A。句意: 有些健康问题, 如果不及时治疗, 日后会变成大问题。that引导problems的定语从句; when引导定语从句中的时间状语从句, 补全为when they are not treated in time, 定语从句的主语that代指problems, 与when从句的主语相同, 符合状语从句省略的条件, 所以省略了主语they与be动词are。故选A。,4. (2013新课标全国卷)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police_. A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not 【解析】选B。句意: 司机想把车停在路边, 但是警察提醒他不可以。此处是ask sb. to do sth. 的被动语态形式。动词不定式符号to指代前面的to park his car near the roadside, 为了避免重复, 直接用to。,【解题技巧】 省略的基本情况: 1. 状语从句中的省略用法。 如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致, 或从句的主语是it, 且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式(am/is/are/was/were), 可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。,2. 不定式符号to的省略。 (1)感官动词see, hear, feel, watch等和使役动词have, make, let等后接不定式作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to。 (2)do nothing but, cant help but等结构常接省略to的不定式。 We didnt do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday. (3)在特定语境中为了避免重复, 当不定式再次出现时, 在want, wish, hope, try, plan, like, love, hate后往往只保留to, 而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be, have时, 也保留be和have。 My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didnt want to.,(4)so和not的替代性省略。 用于避免重复前面所说过的内容, 替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe, do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think, Im afraid等连用。 Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? I suppose not.,考点3 强调句 【典例】1. (2015重庆高考)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century_his musical gift was fully recognized. A. while B. though C. that D. after 【解析】选C。句意: 巴赫死于1750年, 但直到19世纪初他的音乐才能才得到完全认可。强调句式its. . . that. . . , 此处强调的是时间状语not until the early 19th century。,2. (2015湖南高考)It was when we were returning home _ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. A. which B. that C. where D. how 【解析】选B。句意: 正是当我们回家的时候我意识到帮助那些困难中的人是多么好的感受。分析句子结构可以得知此句为强调句, 去掉It was和题线处所填的词(that)句子依然成立。,3. (2014四川高考)Was it because Jack came late for school_Mr Smith got angry? A. why B. who C. where D. that 【解析】选D。句意: 史密斯先生很生气是因为杰克上学迟到吗? 强调句型it is/was. . . that. . . , 这里是强调句型的疑问句形式, 验证的方式是去掉Was it. . . that. . . 后, because Jack came late for school Mr Smith got angry, 句子意义完整。,【解题技巧】 1. 强调句型的句式。,2. 判断强调句型的原则。 判断句子是否为强调句型可以将It is/was和that/who去掉, 如果剩余部分依然完整, 则该句为强调句型。否则则不是。 It is there that accidents often happen. Accidents often happen there.,考点4 固定句式及其他 【典例】1. (2015湖南高考)Always_in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly. A. to keep B. to have kept C. keep D. have kept 【解析】选C。句意: 一定要一直铭记你的主要任务是让这个公司平稳地运转。分析句子结构得知此处是祈使句, 相当于youd keep, that引导宾语从句。,2. (2014北京高考)_carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab. A. Observe B. To observe C. Observed D. Observing 【解析】选A。句意: 在实验室做实验时要仔细观察是否有变化发生。由句意可知这是一个祈使句, 因此选择动词原形。,3. (2014大纲版全国卷)_me tomorrow and Ill let you know the lab result. A. Calling B. Call C. To call D. Having called 【解析】选B。句意: 明天给我打电话, 我会让你知道实验结果。此处是“祈使句+and+陈述句”结构。故选B。,4. (2014重庆高考)I spent two weeks in London last summer. Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay, _you? A. mustnt B. havent C. didnt D. hadnt 【解析】选C。句意: 去年夏天我在伦敦度过了两周。那你待在伦敦期间一定参观了大英博物馆, 是吗? 对已发生的过去情况进行推测, 若陈述句谓语部分有must have done, 而且有表示过去的时间状语, 反意疑问句部分用didnt。,【易错误区】didnt还是mustnt (1)误导原因: must表示“必须, 禁止”时, 反意疑问句部分要用must(mustnt)。 (2)去伪存真: 当must用来表示对过去的情况进行“推测”(must+have done)时, 如强调对过去情况的推测(一般句中有表示过去的时间状语), 反意疑问句部分要用“didnt +主语”; 如果强调动作的完成(一般没有表示过去的时间状语), 反意疑问句部分要用“havent/hasnt+主语”。,【解题技巧】 准确把握下列句式: 1. 祈使句的固定句式。 祈使句+and+简单句; 祈使句+or+简单句; 名词词组+and+简单句。 2. 感叹句的固定句式。 (1)What+a(n)+单数名词+主语+谓语! (2)What+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语! (3)How+形容词+a(n)+单数名词+主语+谓语! (4)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!,3. 反意疑问句。 (1)陈述句中有否定副词: hardly, never, seldom, little, few, nowhere, nothing等词, 反意疑问句部分用肯定形式。但当陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀, 那么, 该陈述部分作肯定处理, 附加疑问句部分一般仍用否定形式。 He was unsuccessful, wasnt he?,(2)复合句的反意疑问句: 大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问, 但当I dont think/suppose/believe/imagine引导宾语从句时, 这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语、谓语部分一致, 而且用肯定形式。 I dont believe she has done it, has she? (3)陈述部分中mustnt表示“禁止”时, 附加疑问句部分用must。陈述部分中的must表示“一定”“想必”等推测意义时, 附加疑问句部分根据陈述部分的谓语动词,考点5 主谓一致 【典例】1. (2014湖南高考)All we need _ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. A. are B. was C. is D. were 【解析】选C。句意: 我们所需要的就是一小块土地, 能够在一年的生长季节在上面种植各种各样的果树。句子的主干为All we need_a small piece of land, 其中we need是定语从句, all在此指的是a small piece of land, 且根据语境知为现在时态, 故谓语动词应用is。,2. (2013福建高考)The famous musician, as well as his students, _to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited 【解析】选B。句意: 那位著名的音乐家及其学生受邀在2012年台北花博会开幕式上表演。as well as连接两个并列的名词作主语, 谓语动词应和前面的名词一致。本题只是陈述在过去的时间发生的事, 故用一般过去时, 由于the famous musician和invite之间是被动关系, 故选B。,3. (2013湖南高考)The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ around $8, 450 a year, which _ a burden for some of them. A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 【解析】选A。句意: 这所大学估计(一名)国际生的生活开销每年大约是8 450美元, 这对其中的一些学生来说是一大负担。living expenses生活开销, 为复数名词, 故谓语动词用复数; $8, 450为金钱概念, 谓语动词用单数。,4. (2013江苏高考)Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ essential to their development. A. is B. are C. was D. were 【解析】选A。句意: 一般说来, 学生的内在动机和来自他人的高期望值对他们的发展是必要的。此处考查主谓一致中的就前原则, 除了with外, 还有together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than等。根据就前原则, 谓语动词的数应与inner motivation一致, 因此使用单数形式。然后根据generally确定使用一般现在时。,【解题技巧】 牢记下列情况的主谓一致: 1. 主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的名词时, 谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 2. 由and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念、同一事物或同一人时, 谓语动词用单数。,3. “no/each/every+单数名词+no/each/every+单数名词; many a+单数名词; more than one+单数名词”等形式作主语, 谓语动词用单数形式。 4. 有些集体名词作主语, 如public, government, family, class, team, group等词, 强调其中的各个成员时谓语动词用复数形式; 强调整体时, 谓语动词用单数形式。 5. 由or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also等连接并列主语时, 谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数形式上一致。,6. 在there be句式中的主语不止一个时, 谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 7. 表示时间、重量、距离、价格、金钱、体积等的复数名词表达一个整体概念时, 谓语动词用单数。,【误区纠偏】 易错点1 误判句式结构 Give more time, _he will make more progress. (变式)Given more time, _he will make more progress. A. or B. so C. / D. and,【点拨】 (1)题逗号前为祈使句, 所以应用连词来连接前后两个句子, 构成“祈使句+and/or/but+陈述句”结构。根据前后两句之间的逻辑关系, 应选D。 (2)题逗号前为过去分词短语作状语, 后面是一个句子, 故空格处不能用连词, 故选C。,易错点2 误判倒装语序和正常语序 Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours_a decision. (变式)After they had discussed the matter for several hours_a decision. A. did they reach B. they reached C. have they reached D. they have reached,【点拨】 (1)“only+状语从句”放在句首时句子用部分倒装语序, 主句部分要用部分倒装, 故题选A。 (2)题前没有only, 为after引导的时间状语从句, 主句不用部分倒装, 故题选B。,易错点3 误判强调句型和其他句式 Was it five oclock _ the fire broke out? (变式)Was it at five oclock _ the fire broke out? A. when B. that C. which D. in which,【点拨】 判断句子是否为强调句型可以将It is/was和that/who去掉, 如果剩余部分依然完整, 则该句为强调句型, 否则就不是。 (1)根据以上原则, 题则变成five oclock the fire broke out句子不完整, 故不是强调句型, 而是状语从句, 故选A。 (2)根据以上原则, 题则变成at five oclock the fire broke out句子完整, 是强调句型, 故选B。,
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