高考英语 语法专项突破 并列句与状语从句课件 外研版.ppt

路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索,走向高考 英语,外研版 高考总复习,语法专项突破,第二部分,语法专项突破(十二) 并列句与状语从句,第二部分,考 纲 解 读,命 题 分 析,知 识 归 纳,语 法 专 练,2,3,4,1,高考英语单项填空对并列连词的考查主要是对平行的词、词组或者句子的连接。并列连词包括or，when，while和as well as。 状语从句种类繁多，包括时间、地点、原因、让步、条件状语从句，一直是高考的热点。,一、考点知识归纳 考点一 并列句 1句子的分类,2并列句的基本概念及分类 由并列连词连接的，两个或两个以上的分句放在一起的句子叫做并列句。不同的并列连词有不同的意义，也折射出各个分句之间的不同逻辑关系。根据分句之间的不同关系，并列句可以分为以下几种： (1)表示递进关系的并列句(联合并列句) 用来表示递进关系的并列连词有and, not only.but also., neither.nor., not.but.等。如：,Think it over, and youll find a way out. 仔细考虑，你将发现一条出路。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but also he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确，而且说得还更轻松。 Neither does he work hard, nor does his brother. 他和他弟弟工作都不努力。 这类表递进关系的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申，包括肯定和否定两方面的意义。,(2)表示选择关系的并列句(选择并列句) 表示选择关系的并列连词有or, either.or., otherwise等。 Be careful about what you say or you may regret it. 当心你讲的话，否则你会后悔的。 Either you are right or I am. 要么你对，要么我对。 Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it. 要抓住机会，否则你会后悔的。,(3)表示转折关系的并列句(转折并列句) 表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet, whereas, while等。 I would have written before but I was ill. 我本该早写信的，但我生病了。 I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了，但我还要再尝试。 Some men are rich, while (whereas) others are poor. 一些人富有，但其他人贫穷。,(4)表示因果关系的并列句(因果并列句) 表示因果关系的并列连词有so, for等。 We must start early, for it will take two hours to drive to the airport. 我们得早点动身，因为开车去机场得花两个小时。 The shops were closed so I didnt get any milk. 商店都关门了，所以我没买到牛奶。,提示：下面两点在往年高考中也经常涉及： (1)when作并列连词用，其意义为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time，常用于下列句式： sb. was doing sthwhen. sb. was about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sthwhen. sb. had just done sthwhen.如： We were having a meeting when he broke in. 当时我们正在开会，突然他闯了进来。,I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 我正要出门，这时电话响了。 (2)while作并列连词用，意为“而，却”，表示对比。如： He likes pop music while Im fond of folk music. 他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢民间音乐。,考点二 时间状语从句 1when, while和as (1)when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生的情境。如： When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。 When the film ended, the people went back. 电影一结束，人们便回去了。,(2)while引导的动作必须是持续性的，主句动作和从句动作同时发生，从句动作多用进行时。如： Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时，请不要高声说话。 (3)as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成，可译为“一边，一边；随着”。如： He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙回家，边走边回头看。,(4)如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态，表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时when, while与as可互换使用。如： When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 当我沿大街行走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。,2as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly，the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner.than., hardly/scarcely.when和once等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一就”，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。如： The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming. 我一听到那个声音，我就知道父亲来了。 No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就离站了。,提示：no sooner.than.; hardly/scarcely.when.的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。如： I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起雨来。,3till, until和not.until (1)肯定句：主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句、从句都为肯定式，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。如： He remained there until she arrived. 他一直在那儿等到她到来。 You may stay here until the rain stops. 你可在这里待到雨停。,(2)否定句：主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。如： He wont go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回来他才睡。 (3)till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如： Until you told me I had no idea of it. 直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。,(4)not.until句型中的强调和倒装用法： I didnt know about it until you told me. It was not until you told me that I knew about it.(强调句型) Not until you told me did I know about it. (not until放句首，主句要倒装) 直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。,4before和since (1)若表达“还未就；不到就；才；还没来得及”时，需用连词before。before从句中谓语不用否定式。如： We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了4天4夜才看到陆地。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。 Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 他们还没到车站，火车已开走了。,(2)It will be一段时间before.“多久之后才。”如： It will be half a year before I come back. 还得待半年我才能回来。 It wont be long before we meet again. 过不了多久我们会再见面的。 (3)since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词，主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者反复发生过的动作。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，相应地，主句中的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。如：,I have written home four times since I came here. 自从我来到这儿，我给家里写了四封信。 She has been working in this factory since she left school. 她离开学校以来，就一直在这个工厂工作。 (4)在“It is一段时间since从句”句型中，如果since从句中动词为延续性动词，时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。如： It is three years since the war broke out. 自战争爆发以来有三年了。,It is three years since I smoked a cigar (since I stopped smoking a cigar) 我不吸烟有三年了。 如果译成“我吸烟有三年了”，应为：It is three years since I began to smoke. 5every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当；每次；下次”等。如：,Every/Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out. 每当我处于困境时，他就来帮助我。 Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here. 下次你来的时候，一定记着把儿子带来。 The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 上次她看见James的时候，他正躺在床上。,考点三 条件状语从句 条件状语从句分为真实性条件句和非真实性条件句，这里主要涉及前者。引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if(如果)，unless(if.not，除非)，so/as long as(只要), on condition that (条件是), suppose/supposing (假设，如果)，provided that (如果)等。如： If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. 如果他不在办公室，那他一定是出去吃午饭了。,Youll fail the exam unless you study hard (if you dont study hard) 除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。 As long as you dont lose heart, youll succeed. 你只要不灰心，就会成功。 Suppose/Supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还会求助谁？ 提示：条件状语从句中的if不能用whether替换。,考点四 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though, although, as(虽然，尽管)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever，whenever, however, no matter who/what/which/when/where/how, whether等。 1although/though(尽管，虽然)，even though/if(即使) although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。如： He is unhappy, though/although he has a lot of money. 虽然他很有钱，但并不幸福。,Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football. 虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。 Even though/if it is raining, well go there. (陈述语气) 即使下雨，我们也要去那里。 Even if I were busy, I would go. (虚拟语气) 即使我忙，也得去。 提示：though还可用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。如： He said he would come; he didnt, though. 他说他会来，可是没有来。,2“疑问词ever”与“no matter疑问词”引导的让步状语从句 口语中常用“no matter疑问词”来代替“疑问词ever”引导的让步状语从句。如： No matter what (Whatever) I did, no one paid any attention. 不管我做什么都没人关注我。 No matter where (Wherever) you work, you can always find time to study. 不管你在哪里工作，你都能找时间学习。,No matter how (However) often I ring, no one will answer. 不管我怎么频繁地按铃都没人应答。 提示：whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句。如： He would believe whatever you said. 你说什么他都信。,3when, while还可作从属连词，相当于although, when多放于句中，while多放于句首。如： Suddenly, she stopped short when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去，她却突然停住了。 While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。,4as引导的让步状语从句 as引导让步状语从句时，状语、表语及谓语动词的一部分要置于as之前，且作表语的单数可数名词前面的冠词要省略。如： Try as we might we failed again. 虽然我们努力了但我们又失败了。 Late as he came he saw the famous man. 尽管他来晚了他还是看到了那个名人。,5whether引导的让步状语从句 whether可以作“不论还是”讲，这时应可以引导让步状语从句。如： Whether you can see the moon or not, it is always round. 不论你能否看得见月亮，月亮总是圆的。 You may rely upon my help, whether others help you or not. 不论别人帮不帮你，你都可以依赖我的帮助。,考点五 其他状语从句 状语从句的种类很多，以下是其他类型的状语从句中引导词的用法。 1地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where, wherever, everywhere, nowhere等。从句可位于主句之前也可位于主句之后。如： Make a mark where you have any questions. 在你有问题的地方作个标记。 Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home. 无论约翰在哪里都能像在家里一样。,2方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后，其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。如： Do as you are told to, or youll be fired. 告诉你怎么做就怎么做，否则就解雇你。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever. 我感觉好像发烧了。,Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him. Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him. 迈克是如此诚实的一个工人，以至于我们都相信他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天气如此晴朗以至于我们都想去公园。 He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family. 他挣这么少钱，以至于不能支撑家庭。 提示：当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。如： So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是一个如此聪明的学生以至于成功地解出了所有难题。,(2)除结果状语从句外，too.to.(太而不能)，enough to.(达到某种程度的可以)，so.as to.(如此以至于)等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。如： He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus. He got up too late to catch the bus. He got up so late as to miss the bus. 他起床太晚了，没有赶上那班公共汽车。,4原因状语从句 原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句最常用的连词有because, since, as, now that (既然)，seeing that, considering that等。如： He is disappointed because he didnt get the position. 他因为没有得到那个职位而失望。 As it is raining, I will not go out. 由于正下着雨，我不出去了。,(1)because, since, as, for都可表示原因，但用法不同： because表示某件事情产生的直接原因或理由，语气最强。回答用why提问的句子只能用because引导，because引导的从句既可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，另外，只有because从句能用于强调句被强调原因。如： He didnt come to school yesterday because he was ill. 他昨天没有来学校因为他生病了。 since常表示对方已经知道的既成事实，说话人根据这个事实得出某一种结论，常位于主句之前。其语气比because要弱，一般译成“既然”。如：,Since you are here, why not stay for a few more days? 既然你在这里了，为什么不多待几天呢？ as表示十分明显的原因，常位于主句之前，用于说明因果关系，语气较弱，常译为“由于”。如： As its getting darker, we must go home now. 由于天变得越来越黑了，我们现在必须回家。 for是并列连词，用于连接两个并列句，表示推理或解释，对前一个分句进行附加说明。如： It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 地面是湿的，昨天晚上肯定下雨了。,(2)此外，when还表示原因，意为“既然”；considering that“既然；考虑到”。如： It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes. 既然你步行5分钟能轻松到那里，却打的，真够愚蠢的。 (3)其他表示原因的方式 除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。,5目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。 (1)in order that与so that 两个连词意为“以便；为了”，引导的目的状语从句中需用情态动词。in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。如：,Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我会慢慢说以便你能懂。 In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early. 为了看到日出，我们很早就出发去了山顶。 (2)for fear that, in case与lest 这些从属连词引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词要用“(should)动词原形”，它本身带有否定意义，相当于so that.not.或in order that.not.。如：,The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him. 那个男孩藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。 Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain. 带上你的雨衣以防下雨。 6比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用than, so (as)as, the more.the more.等引导。比较状语从句部分常是省略句。如： I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. 我犯的错误比你犯的错误多。 Mary is a student as good as Peter (is) 玛丽和彼得一样都是好学生。,二、方法技巧总结 方法一：巧用固定结构 when是常考词之一，特别是在时间状语从句中考查或在时态中考查。常用句式有： 1sb. was doing sth. when. 2sb. was about to do sth./on the point of doing sth. when. 3sb. had just done sth. when.,典题示例 He was about to say something more _ a boy rushed in, gun in hand. 剖析：when 本题中有固定句式be about to do.when.。句意：他正想再说点什么，这时一个男孩冲了进来，手里拿着枪。,方法二：巧记正确形式 在as，however, whatever引导的让步状语从句中，都有adj.的提前，但是提前的位置是不一样的，只有记牢正确形式，做题时才会得心应手。adj.as句子；howeveradj.句子，whatever(a/an)adj.n.句子，(特别注意主语前有名词。) 典题示例 _tough the voyage is, as long as Im with nature, I dont care. 剖析：However 考查however引导让步状语从句的结构，句意：不管航海旅行多么艰难，只要我能亲近大自然，我就不在乎。,方法三：巧看句式结构 在复合句的考题中，要首先看一下有没有and, or, but, so等并列连词，这些词可以作为做题的依据。 典题示例 He was told many times，_ he still couldnt understand it. 剖析：but 由题目可知前后是相同的结构，所以用but表转折，符合题意。,