2019-2020年高中英语第三册(全一册)Unit6Languagestudy.doc

2019-2020年高中英语第三册(全一册)Unit6Languagestudy类 别成分功 能不 定式主语表句子说的什么（指具体动作），常用it形式主语，不定式放在句末。It is+ adj, + for/of+ sb (逻辑主语) to do sth(形式主语).宾语动作的对象（具体含义），谓语动词的要求，一般表示稍后于谓语的动作，表示个性动作。表语表示主语的内容或表示即将发生的动作，常在hope, wish, job, duty后。可省略 to.宾补表示宾语要做的动作活动作已经结束或经常性的动作，强调事实，省不省to看动词。定语表示要做的事（尚未发生），常与名词有动宾关系(即被动关系)，不及物动词加介词，后置。状语表示目的（多前置），结果，原因等（多后置）。动名词主语表示句子要说的什么（抽象动作），很少用形式主语it，只限几个特殊句型中。宾语表示动作的对象（抽象动作），还可做介词的宾语（注意to后动词变化），动词的要求。表语表示主语的内容，主语常用hope, wish, job, duty, task, etc. 和不定式有具体和抽象之分。定语表示名词的用途、性能。现在分词表语表示主语的特征（主动概念，主语多是物）或和助动词be构成进行时态表示动作。宾补表示宾语正在做的动作，主动关系，强调情景。状语时间条件（在分词前加when, while, if）、伴随(句末)、补充说明(句中)；与主语主动关系。定语表示名词性质、特征或表示名词所做的动作（多表示进行、主动）。过去分词表语说明主语的状态（被动概念，主语多是人）或和助动词be构成被动语态表被动。宾补表示被动、完成或说明宾语的状态，强调结果。状语表示原因、条件（句首），伴随（句末）；与句子的主语是被动关系。定语表示动作已经完成或被动的。和现在分词一样，单个置前，词组置后。一、不定式与动名词做主语：1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：Collecting information about childrens health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：（1）Its difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do（2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun, joy) doing.Its (a) waste of time doing.Its worth while(worth, good, nice, interesting, useless) doing.二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蚁后）的专职工作是产卵。3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）4、常用作表语的现在分词有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。现在分词表示进行与主动。The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）常用在句中做表语的过去分词有：used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, pleted, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：interest（使感兴趣），surprise（使吃惊），frighten（使害怕），excite（使兴奋），tire（使疲劳），please（使满意），puzzle（使迷惑不解），satisfy（使满意），amuse（使娱乐），disappoint（使失望），inspire（使欢欣鼓舞）， worry（使忧虑）它们的现在分词常修饰物（有时修饰人），表示主动，过去分词常修饰人，表示被动（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。They are very tired. 他们很疲劳After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.三、不定式与动名词做宾语：1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我发信。）I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票。Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，记得给我们写信。I dont remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划。He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐。She tried reading a novel, but that couldnt make her forget her sorrow. 她试着看看小说，但也不能使她忘记伤心事。I didnt mean to hurt you. 我没有企图伤害你。A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人。4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。 四、非谓语动词在句中做宾语补足语：1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbidThe doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。）2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。注意: 当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有to的不定式做状语。 Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。 He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。例：We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。 五、非谓语动词在句中做定语：1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。例如：He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他没有房子住却有好多活要干。Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我们班长是第一个到的。2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us）in the following years 在后来的几年中（意同in the years that followed）a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate） 六、非谓语动词在句中做状语：1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）ing into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. （伴随状语）他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。3. 分词做状语的四大注意事项：(1).现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别: 一般来说, 现在分词表 示主动、进行; 过去分词表示被动、完成. 试比较:The enemy fled in a panic ,leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.Defeated and frightened , the enemy fled in a panic.分析: 前一例中的现在分词短语在句子中做伴随状语,它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为主动关系;后一句中的过去分词defeated 和frightened 表原因,它与其逻辑主语the enemy 之间为被动关系.(2) 关于逻辑主语的问题: 分词作状语时,一般情况下，其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持一致.如:paring all the great people with each other, youll find that they have much in mon.pared with him, you are luckier.Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help .(上海 xx,28)Having suffered from hear trouble for years , Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(上海 xx春,38)Having suffered such heavy pollution already , it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET xx,35)分析:前四例中, 分词的逻辑主语均为主句的主语.最后一例中,have suffered 的逻辑主语是the river ,并不是主句的主语it .这种用法极为少见,有的语法家称其为垂悬分词,我们在学习中不宜模仿.(3) 分词的否定式基本结构是:not + doing / done, 无论在完成式还是被动式里,not 必须置于分词之前.如:Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.(4) 分词(短语)的功能有时相当于一个状语从句.根据这个性质,我们在使用分词作状语时,切记：A. 不要在前面或后面的句子前用并列连词but, and, so连接 Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so youll fell very fortable .(X)分析:如前所述,现在分词短语相当于一个状语从句,所以后半句中的连词so 的使用是错误的,应该去掉.原句应改为:Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn , youll fell very fortable.B. 可在前面加上though, even if, if, whether, once, until, on, when, while, (较常见) after, before, since, whenever,以示含义更加明确。 如:When telephoning in London numbers from abroad, dial 1, not 01.C. 可在前面加上thus 以示强调 It rained heavily, thus causing severe flooding in the country. 七. 某些分词固定词组generally speaking / considering / judging by (from) Judging by his accent, he must be from Guangdong.Generally speaking, the conference is quite successful.八独立主格结构 在用分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，由代词或名词的主格担任，称为独立主格结构。1. 代词或名词主格+分词 Weather permitting, well go by boat. The boy turned to the man, his eyes opened wide.2. with+宾语+分词 In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at any other person.He stood for a moment with his eyes fixed on the apple.