2019-2020年高一英语情态动词用法讲与练.doc

2019-2020年高一英语情态动词用法讲与练I.情态动词+have done的用法 “情态动词have done”是历年高考的热点，但有些同学对这一结构不甚了解。为了便于同学们学习，现将这种结构的两种主要用法借表归纳如下。 一、表示对过去情况的推测或估计 所用的句式 意义 must have done 肯定句 一定（已经） may might have done 肯定句 可能大概（已经）否定句可能还没有 can could have done 否定句 不可能（已经）疑问句 可能也许（已经）了吗？ 说明：1might could有时并不是may can的过去式，而是表示一种委婉的语气或更小的可能性。2might have done有时可用于疑问句中，此时might就相当于can could。 二、表示对过去所发生的事情的遗憾或责备 所用的句式 意义 should ought to have done 肯定句，否定句， 疑问句 本来（不） 应该的 mightcould have done 肯定句 本来能够可以的 need have done 否定句 本不必要的 had better have done 肯定句，否定句， 疑问句 要是（没有）干了就好了 would rather have done 同上 本来想做（却未做） 说明：1might have done有时可表示对过去发生事情的庆幸，意为“差点儿”。如： Didnt you see that car nearly hit me？I might have been killed 你难道没看见那辆小车差点儿撞上了我吗？我差点就没命了。 2要注意neednt have done与didnt need to do的差别。 He neednt have e他本没有必要来。（实际却来了） He didnt need to e他没有必要来。（实际也没来） 同学们在做有关“情态动词have done”练习时，在掌握这一结构的两种基本用法的同时，还要仔细体会题干所提供的语言信息，准确理解语言环境和说话人的含意，尤其要注意题干中时态给予的暗示。 巩固练习：（练习题均为高考题） 1I stayed at a hotel while in New YorkOh，did you？You _ with Barbara Acould have stayed Bcould stayCwould stay Dmust have stayed 2I didnt see her in the meeting room this morningShe _at the meeting Amustnt have spoken Bshouldnt have spoken Cneednt have spoken Dcouldnt have spoken 3He _you more help，even though he was busy Amight have given Bmight giveCmay have givenDmay give 4I saw our teacher in the office just nowYou _her，she is still abroad Acant have seen Bmustnt have seenCneednt have seen Dshouldnt have seen 5Kate is already two hours lateWhat _ to her？ Acan have happened Bmay have happenedCshould have happened Dmust have happened 6We _last night，but we went to the concert instead Amust have studied Bmight studyCshould have studied Dwould study 7There was plenty of timeShe _ Amustnt have hurriedBcouldnt have hurriedCmustnt hurryDneednt have hurried8Yesterday，Jane walked away from the discussionOtherwise，she _something she would regret later Ahad saidBsaid Cmight sayDmight have said 9Did you scold him for his mistake？Yes，but _it AId rather not do BId better not do CId better not have done DId rather have not done 10Sorry，Im lateI _have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again AmightBshould CcanDwill II. 情态动词难点透视 英语中的情态动词虽然为数不多，但是要掌握好它们的用法并不容易。本文结合同学们在使用情态动词时不易掌握的难点谈几点看法。 1.can表示可能性时，指的是理论上的可能，它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。如： Accidents can happenAnybody can make mistakes 如果我们要表达某事发生的实际可能性，要用may,could或might等。 We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year Will you answer the telephone It couldmaymight be your mother 2.could用来征求意见时，语气要比can委婉，但在回答问题时我们不能用could,因为语气委婉，可能性就变小了。如： Could I use your telephoneYes, please go ahead 3.在过去时态的肯定句中需要某种条件或努力做成某事，我们要用waswere able to而不能用could。如： It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside The girl worked hardso she was able to pass the final test 4must与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思，但要注意以下两点区别。 1) must只有现在时，而have to有现在时、过去时和将来时。如： We must work hard, or well fail in the examination Two years ago, the poor girl had to leave school for lack of money 2) must表示主观看法，have to则侧重于客观需要。如： We must be strict with ourselves in everything In cities with many cars, some people have to wear masks 5must表示推测时，其反意问句有好几种形式。 1) “must动词原形”对目前的情况进行推测时以及用mustbe-ing形式对目前正在发生的情况进行推测时，疑问短语部分要与must之后的动词相一致。如： The mathematics teacher must be in the office now, isnt he 2) “musthave过去分词”用来表示对已经发生的事情进行推论。如果句子中有过去的时间状语，疑问部分用助动词didnt否则，疑问部分用havent或hasnt。如： The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, didnt they The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, hasnt he 6shall可以用来征求对方意见。用于第一、三人称。此外它也可以用来表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心等，这时它用于第二、三人称。如： Shall she go to the concert with us this evening (征求意见) You shall go to the front at once(命令) Dont worryYou shall get the answer this very afternoon （允诺）He shall be sorry one dayI tell you(警告) Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution(决心) 7在表示将来的时间、条件状语从句中，不能用will（这时的will不是情态动词，而是助动词，帮助构成将来时）。如： If it will rain tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village(误) If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village(正) 当情态动词will表示意愿或决心时，是可以用于条件状语从句的。如： If you will listen to me, Ill give you some advice on how to learn English 如果你愿意听我的话，我将给你提点学习英语的建议。 If you will e this way，the manager will meet you 请您往这边走，经理现在要见你。 8should除表示必要或义务外，还可表示推测或可能。如： The American friends should be here now “shouldought tohave过去分词”既可表示本该做而事实上没有做的事，也可以表示惊讶、赞叹等情绪。如： You should have told her about it the day before yesterday Its wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years “情态动词have过去分词”是很重要的一种句型，除should外，may, might, must, couldnt, neednt, ought to等都可以用于这一句型，但要注意使用不同的情态动词句子的意思就有所不同。 9ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。如： We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will 10need，用作情态动词，仅用于否定句和疑问句，而不用于肯定句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或将need当作行为动词使用。如： We need report the matter to the boss immediately(误) We must report the matter to the boss immediately（正） We need to report the matter to the boss immediately（正） Dare的用法也一样。 dare 与need 的用法 1).dare作为情态动词,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句. a. How dare you say Im unfair ? b. He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare she ? c. If he dare break the rule , he will be punished . 2).need表示”需要”或”必须”,作情态动词用时,仅用于否定句或疑问句. 条件从句中。“有必要”。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替. a. You neednt e so early. b. -Need I finish the work today ?-Yes, you must./ No , you neednt . c. If you need go there , please let me know . 3).dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态,人称和数的变化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接带to的不定式; 在否定和疑问句中, dare后可接带to或不带to的不定式. a .I dare to swim across the river b .He doesnt dare (to) answer. C .We need time and money. d .The dining room needs / wants / requires cleaning every day . = The dining room needs / wants / requires to be cleaned every day . e. Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ? III.情态动词的测试热点 本阶段出现了不少“情态动词have过去分词”的句型。在此之前，同学们也学到了许多有关情态动词的用法。笔者在文中对历年来的高考试题进行了分析，指出了历年来高考试题对情态动词的测试热点，谈到了使用情态动词时应注意的相关知识，供同学们参考，以期提高同学们运用所学知识的能力。 热点一：情态动词表示推测的用法 情态动词must，can，could，may，might都可用来表示推测。其中，must所表示的可能性最大，最有把握，意为“一定”。注意，其否定式mustnt表示“想必不”；表示“不可能”要用cant或couldnt。 may 和 might表示可能性时，主要用于肯定句中，might相对于may 来说，表示的可能性更小一些。 can和could主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 需要注意的几点: 1.表示猜测，can一般不用于肯定句中，除非是“经验之谈”。我们在SEFC Book 2， Lesson 30中学过这样两个表示“经验之谈”的句子：Children can often get ill suddenly（小孩常常可能突然生博）Certain things in the home can be dangerous，especially if you have young children（家里的某些东西可能有危险，尤其是有小孩的时候。）上面两句可以看作医务工作者或抚养过孩子的人说的话，属“经验之谈”。 2may和might都不用于疑问句中。如：（正）Can Could it be cloudy tomorrow ？（误）May Might it be cloudy tomorrow ？ 3must的否定式是cant couldnt，不是 neednt或m ustnt。 4would V原形：想必现在过去；现在过去可能He would be back today yesterday想必他今天昨天回来了。（他今天昨天可能回来了。） 5should ought to V原形：想必现在将来会The dinner should ought to be ready now想必晚饭现在已备好。He should ought to ring up this afternoon想必他今天下午会打电话的。 6will V原形：将来一定准会 Try your best，and your wish will e true尽力吧，你的理想准会实现的。 在近年来的高考试题中，测试may和might表示可能性的频率较高，是一个热点项目。 如： Peter e with us tonight，but he isnt very sure yet(NMET93)A mustB may C canD will 简析：本题选B。本题的后半句暗示了选择答案的条件。 Michael be a policeman for hes much too short (上海94) A needntB cantC should D may 简析：本题选B。本题的后半句给出了理由。 -Are you ing to Jeffs party -Im not sure I go to the concert instead(NMETxx) A mustB would C shouldD might 简析：本题答语部分中的“Im not sure”暗示了说话者的语气不肯定。因而，本题应选D。 Johnny, you play with the knif，you hurt yourself(NMET96) A wont；cantB mustnt；mayC shouldnt；must D cant；shouldnt简析：本题应选B。第一空用mustnt表示禁止，第二空用may表示可能。 情态动词表示猜测的答题方法及考例精析 解答情态动词表示猜测的试题时，一要清楚被猜测的时间，二要清楚有无客观事实根据。若有客观事实根据，则无论是肯定还是否定的猜测，猜测语气最强且符合时间要求的为最佳答案；情态动词表示猜测时语气从强到弱的顺序是：must，will，would，ought to，should，can，may，could，might。若无客观事实根据，纯凭主观臆断，则猜测语气最弱且符合时间要求的为最佳答案。如： 1I thought you _ like something to read，so I have brought you some books（MET 1986）Amay BmightCcould Dmust 由题意可知被猜测的时间是（过去）将来，没有客观事实根据，猜测语气要求最弱，所以正确选项是B。 2Peter _ e with us tonight，but he isnt sure yet（MET 1993） AmustBmay Ccan Dwill 由题意可知被猜测的时间是将来，没有客观事实根据，猜测语气要求最弱，所以正确选项是B。3It _ last night，for the ground was wet this morning Amust have rainedBmay have rainedCmust rainDmight rain 由题意可知被猜测的时间是过去，有客观事实根据the ground was wet，猜测语气要求最强，所以正确选项是A。 4Mary _ be in Paris，for I saw her in the town only a few minutes ago（MET 1994）AmustntBcantCshouldntDmay not 由题意可知被猜测的时间是现在，有客观事实根据I saw her in the town a few minutes ago，猜测语气要求最强，所以正确选项是B（cant是m ust的否定式）。 5.There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well It _ a fortable journey（NMET 1995） Acant be Bshouldnt be Cmustnt have been Dcouldnt have been 由题意可知被猜测的时间是过去，有客观事实根据there were already five peopletake me as well，猜测语气要求最强，所以正确选项是D。 6-When can I e for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon They _ be ready by 12：00（NMET xx） Acan Bshould Cmight Dneed 由题意可知被猜测的时间是将来，有客观事实根据need them tomorrow afternoon，猜测语气要求最强，所以正确选项是B。 7-Are you ing to Jeffs Party？ Im not sureI _ go to the concert instead（NMET xx） AmustBwould Cmight Dshould 由题意可知被猜测的时间是将来，没有客观事实根据，猜测语气要求最弱，所以正确选项是C. 热点二：情态动词表示能力的用法 情态动词表示能力时，一般用cancould或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各种时态，而can只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。此外，当表示过去成功地做成了某事时，只能用was were able to。如： A puter think for itself， it must be told what to do(MET91)A cant B couldntC may notD might not 简析：这里说明电脑不具备独立思考的能力 故本题选A。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out(NMET97) A had to B would C couldD was able to 简析：本题题意为“大火很快蔓延了整个旅馆，但全体人员都脱离了危险。”， 故本题选D。热点三：表示“许可”、“允许”的情态动词 cancould maymight都可用来表示请求允许或许可。过去式could和might常用于疑问句中，表示礼貌。回答时，常用原形can或者may，不可再用过去式could或might。如： -Could I borrow your dictionary(MET92) -Yes, of course you A might B willC canD should 简析：本题的前一句用could提问，表示委婉的请求。回答时，应用原形can。故本题选C。 热点四：shallshould的用法 shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见，常译为“要某人做某事吗”。shall也可用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿，有命令、警告、决心、强制、许诺或威胁之意。研读历届高考题不难发现，should的考点主要体现在以下几个方面： 1）表示责任和义务，意为“应该”；2）表示可能性推测，意为“很可能、该”；3）用于虚拟语气中。 4)should（not）have done结构的用法。现结合历届高考题对其用法作一归纳。 一、“should（ought to）have done”结构意为“本来应该”，表示过去应该做或值得做的事情而没有做到，含有后悔、埋怨、责备等意味。该结构的否定式“shouldnt（ought not to）have done”则表示过去做了不应该做的事，意为“本来不应该却”。例如： 1.Jerry _ have kept her word，I wonder why she changed her mind（MET91）Amust BshouldCneedDwould 2.We _ last night，but we went to the concert instead（MET92） Amust have studiedBmight studyCshould have studiedDwould study 3.I told Sally how to get there，but perpaps I _ for her（NMET94） Ahad to write it outBmust have written it out Cshould have written it outDought to write it out 4.Tom ought not to _ me your secret，but he meant no harm（MET93） Ahave told BtellCbe tellingDhaving told 5.There was a lot of fun at yesterdays partyYou _ e，but why didnt you？（99上海）AmustBshouldCneed have Dought to have 6.I was really anxious about youYou _ home without a word（NMETxx） Amustnt leaveBshouldnt have leftCcouldnt have leftDneednt have left 7.Oh，Im not feeling well in the stomachI _so much fried chicken just now（xx上海春季高考） Ashouldnt eatBmustnt have eatenCshouldnt have eatenDmustnt eat 二、“should have done”结构还可以表示动作已经完成，但含有感情色彩，表示惊讶、惊奇等意味。意为“竟，竟然，居然”。例如：Im sorry that this should have happened很遗憾，竟然发生了这种事情。 It is wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years这几年你竟然取得如此大的成就，真是了不起！ 三、should也可以用来表示“推测”，意为“可能；该”。相当于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客观根据或根据推理对现在某事发生的“可能性”进行描述，语气上不如must强。若对现在正在进行的事情的推测，则用should be doing结构。例如： 8Will Mr Wang offer us a hand？ He_ be glad toHe never refused our request（92上海） AcanBmust Cmay Dshould 9When can I e for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon They _ be ready by 12：00（NMET98） AcanBshouldCmightDneed 10Its nearly seven oclockJack _ be here at any moment（NMET95） AmustBneedCshould Dcan I dont think he should be sleeping now，is he？我认为他现在不可能正在睡觉，是吗？ 四、“should likelove to do sth”结构意为“愿意想做某事”。“should likelove to have done”结构则意为“本来想干某事，而当时却没干”。例如： 11Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening（MET92） Ato be taken Bto takeCbeing taken Dtaking 12I should love _ to Professor Smith，but I didnt get any more chance（96上海） Ato be introducedBto have been introducedCto have introducedDintroducing He should like to have attended the evening party，but he was too busy 他本想参加这次晚会，可是当时他太忙了。 五、should在虚拟语气中的运用 1、在if引导的条件状语从句中，若表示与将来事实相反的假设，条件句的谓语动词可以用“should 动词原形”；若if省略， should应提到句首，构成部分倒装。例如： If it should snow tom orrow ，the m eet- ing would be put off 如果明天下雪的话，运动会就会推迟。 13_it rain tomorrow，we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge（94上海）AWereBShouldCWould DWill 2、动词arrange（安排，筹划），mand（命令，要求），demand（要求，需要），desire（要求，渴望），insist（坚决主张），order，propose（主张，提议），request，require，suggest（建议）等后跟宾语从句时，谓语动词应用“（should）动词原形”。例如： 14The guard at the gate insisted that everyone _ the role（MET85） AobeyingBobeyCwill obeyDwould obey 15.Janes face suggested that she _ ill，and her parents suggested that she_ a medical examination（95上海） Abe；should haveBwas；haveCshould be；hadDwas；has The doctor ordered that she（should） stay in bed for another week 医生嘱咐她应该躺在床上再呆一周。 He proposed that we（should）go there by plane他主张我们应该乘飞机去那里。 3、名词advice，idea，order，demand， plan，proposal（主张），suggestion，request等后跟表语从句或同位语从句时，其谓语动词用“（should）动词原形”。例如： We all agreed to his suggestion that we（should）go to Hangzhou for sightseeing 我们都同意他的建议我们应该到杭州去观光旅游。 My advice is that we（should）do more eye exercises every day 我的建议是我们每天应该多做眼保健操。 4、在主语从句的下列三种句型中，主句的谓语动词应用“（should）动词原形”。 （1）It is necessary（important，impossible，strange，natural）that （2）It is a pity（a shame）that （3）It is suggested（requested，ordered，desired）that例如： It is necessary that we should send for a doctor我们很有必要派人请个医生来。 It is requested that Miss Gao（should） give a perform ance at the m eeting 人们要求高小姐应该在大会上进行一场演出。 It is a pity that he（should）be so careless他竟如此粗心真是令人遗憾。 六、should可以用来表示惊奇、惶惑、不满、惋惜、忧虑等情绪。例如： 16.You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _be so rude to a lady（xx上海）Amight Bneed Cshould Dwould Never did he expect that the conditions should be so terrible他从来没有料到情况竟如此可怕。 七、should可以表示谦逊、委婉之意，意为“可；倒”。例如： Should you like to drink some beer？你是否喜欢喝点啤酒？ He should expect their team to win the match他倒是希望他们队能赢得这场比赛。 八、should可以用于较强语气的假设情形中，表示“竟然；万一”之意。例如： If he should fail to e，ask John to go there in his place万一他不能来就叫约翰代替他去。 Should it blow hard，we would not go out for a picnic万一明天刮大风，我们就无法去野餐了。 九、should用于目的状语从句或in case引导的条件状语从句中时，相当于might，含有“会；可以”之意。例如：They got up early so that they should catch up the first flight in time 他们很早起床以便能及时赶上首班飞机。 He took him along with an umbrella in case it should rain 他随身带了一把雨伞，以防天可能下雨。 又如： -The room is so dirty we clean it -Of course(北京xx) A Will B ShallC WouldD Do 简析：问句表示征求对方的意见，故本题选B。 Its nearly seven oclock Jack be here at any moment(NMET95) A mustB need C shouldD can 简析：本题应选C。should在本题中表示推测，意为“很可能”。又如： -When can I e for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon -They be ready by 1200(NMET98) A canB should C mightD need 简析：本题应选B。should在本题中表示应该。 热点五：“情态动词have过去分词”常见句型及用法 句型1：should (ought to) have过去分词 表示过去应该做而（实际）没有做的事情。含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该”。其否定形式为“should notought not to have 过去分词”。如： We last night，but we went to the concert instead(MET92) A must have studied B might study C should have studied D would study 简析：本题中的一个关键词but暗示了“我们不应去听音乐会，而应学习”。故本题选C。 句型2：neednt have过去分词 表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。如： There was plenty of time She (MET87) A mustnt have hurriedB couldnt have hurried C must not hurry D neednt have hurried 简析：本题的前一句暗示了一个条件，后一句则是由这个条件得出的结论。故本题选D。 句型3：must have过去分词 意为“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意，对过去发生情况的否定推测常用cantcouldnt have 过去分词。如： I didnt hear the phone I asleep(MET89) A must be B must have beenC should beD should have been 简析：本题应选B。本题的前一句说明一个结果，后一句则表示一个原因。 I didnt see her in the meeting room this morningShe at the meeting(上海91) A mustnt have spoken B shouldnt have spoken C neednt have spokenD couldnt have spoken 简析：从题意上分析，本题的前一句陈述一个理由，后一句则是由前一句得出的结论。故本题选D。 句型4：maymight have过去分词 表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的（可能性）推测，意为“或许可能做过某事”。另外，用于虚拟语气时，通常用might。如： He you more help even though he was very busy (MET90) A might have given B might give C may have given D may give 简析：本题应选A。全句意为“即使再忙，他也可能再多给你一些帮助的”。 句型5：could have过去分词 表示“（过去）本来可以（能够）做某事，但实际上没有做到”。如： -I stayed at a hotel while in New York -Oh, did you You with Barbara(NMET98) A could have stayedB could stay C would stay D must have stayed (Key: A) 情态动词专练 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1Jennyhave kept her wordI wonder why she changed her mind(MET1992)Amust Bshould Cneed Dwould 2Could I borrow your dictionary Yes, of course you (MET1992)Amight Bwill Ccan Dshould 3Its nearly seven oclockJack be here at any moment(NMET1995)Amust Bneed CshouldDcan 4The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out(NMET1997) Ahad to BwouldCcould Dwas able to 5Mr Brown, many students want to see you, they wait here or outside AshallBwillCcanDwould 6.The monitor must be in the reading-room,_ Amustnt Bdoesnt Cneednt Disnt 7Dr Baker must have given a good speech at the conference yesterday, he Amustnt Bdidnt Cneednt Disnt 8When can I e for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon They be ready by 12:00(NMETxx) Acan Bshould Cmight Dneed 9I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I for her(NMET1994) Ahad to write it outBmust have written it out Cshould have written it out Dought to write it out 10He hardly say anything more, since you know all about it AdontBneedntCneedsDneed 11Alice looks sadDid you tell her about the news？Yes，but I _ her later Ashould have toldBshouldnt have toldCmust have toldDneednt have told 12You _ this morning，if you really wanted to see it yourself Aought to eBmay have eCought to have eDcould e 13You ought to have e here ten minutes agoI _ ，but the train was late Aought toBought to haveCoughtDhave ought to 14 _ he e，the problem would be settled AWould