2019-2020年高中英语Unit2SailingtheoceansReading.doc

2019-2020年高中英语Unit2SailingtheoceansReadingPart One: Teaching DesignPeriod 1: A sample lesson plan for reading(SAILING THE OCEANS)AimsTo help students read about sailing the oceans To help students learn about the predicateProceduresWarming up by leaning about navigatorWhat is a navigator?A navigator is the person onboard a ship responsible for the navigation of the vessel. On aircraft, the position may also be referred to as a flight officer. The navigators responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the captain (or pilot) while en route, and ensuring that hazards or obstacles are avoided.What is exploration?Exploration is the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery, e.g. of unknown regions, including space (space exploration), or oil, gas, coal, ores, water (also known as prospecting), or information. Exploration has existed as long as human beings, but its peak is seen as being during the Age of Exploration when European navigators travelled around the world. In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of research (the other two being description and explanation). Exploration is the attempt to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon.Warming up by talking about Zheng Hes Seven VoyagesIn July 11, 1405, the eunuch Zheng He of the Ming Dynasty royal court set out on his first overseas voyage.In the following 28 years, this navigator proceeded to carry out six more voyages, acpanied by a huge entourage of nearly 30,000 people. By traveling throughout Southeast Asia, and around the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and East Africa, he also landed at over thirty different nations. He was the earliest largest scale navigation in world history, ing more than half a century earlier than Columbusfamous exploits.Warming up by looking and listeningHello, class. Do you know this man? Yes, he is Marco Polo.Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.I. Pre-reading What are navigational instruments? Navigational instruments were built in the age of exploration to guide the explorers to their destinations.navigational instrument - an instrument used for navigating artificial horizon, flight indicator, gyro horizon - a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope; provides an artificial horizon for the pilot pass - navigational instrument for finding directions depth finder - navigational instrument used to measure the depth of a body of water (as by ultrasound or radar) inclinometer - an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with the horizon instrument - a device that requires skill for proper use asdic, echo sounder, sonar - a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return; sonar is an acronym for sound navigation ranging;asdic is an acronym for anti-submarine detection investigation mitteeII. Reading for forms Read the text SAILING THE OCEANS on page 12 to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions.SAILING THE OCEANSWe may well wonder/ how seamen explored the oceans/ before latitude /and longitude made it possible /to plot a ships position/ on a mapThe voyages of travelers/ before the 17th century /show that /they were not at the mercy of the sea /even though they did not have modern navigational aidsSo/ how did they navigate so well? Read these pages/ from an encyclopediaPage l：Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline This seems to have been the first /and most useful form of exploration /which carried the minimum amount of riskUsing celestial bodies North StarAt the North Pole /the North Star is at its highest position /in the sky, but at the equator /it is along the horizonSo /acplished navigators were able to use it /to plot their positionsSunOn a clear day /especially during the summer/ the sailors could use the sun /overhead /at midday to navigate byThey can use the height of the sun /to work out their latitude CloudsSea captains observed the clouds /over islands. There is a special cloud formation /which indicates /there is land/ close by.Using wildlife SeaweedSailors often saw seaweed/ in the sea /and could tell /by the colour /and smell/ how long it had been thereIf it was flesh /and smelled strongly，then /the ship was close to land BirdsSea birds could be used to show the way/ to land /when it was nowhere to be seenIn the evening /nesting birds return to land /and their nestsSo /seamen could follow the birds /to land /even if they were offshore/ and in the open seaUsing the weather FogFog gathers at sea /as well as over streams /or riversSeamen used it /to help identify the position of a stream /or river /when they were close to land WindsWise seamen used the winds/ to direct their sailingThey could accelerate the speed，but they could also be dangerousSo /the Vikings would observe the winds /before /and during their outward /or return journeysUsing the seaCertain tides/ and currents could be used /by skillful sailors /to carry ships/ to their destination.These skills helped sailors/ explore the seas/ and discover new landsThey increased their ability/ to navigate new seas/ when they used instrumentspage 2:Using navigational instruments to helpFinding longitudeThere was no secure method of measuring longitude /until the 17th century/ when the British solved this theoretical problemNobody knew that /the earth moved westwards/ 15 degrees/ every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude /using speed /and timeAn early method of measuring speed/ involved throwing a knotted rope/ tied to a log /over the side of the shipThe rope was tied to a log /which was then/ thrown into the seaAs the ship advanced through the water /the knots were counted/ as they passed through a seamans handsThe number of knots/ that were counted /during a fixed period of time/ gave the speed of the ship/ in nautical miles /per hourLater, when seamen began to use the pass /in the 12th century /they could calculate longitude /using plicated mathematical tablesThe pass has a special magnetic pointer /which always indicates the North Pole，so/ it is used to help find the direction /that the ship needs to goIn this way /the ship could set a straight course /even in the middle of the oceanFinding latitude The Bearing CircleIt was the first instrument /to measure the suns positionA seaman would measure the suns shadow/ and pare it /with the height of the sun/ at middayThen/ he could tell if he was sailing on his correct/ rather than a random course.The AstrolabeThe astrolabe, quadrant/ and sextant are all connected. They are developments /of one anotherThe earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool /for telling the position of the ship/ in relation to the sun/ and various stars /which covered the whole skyThis gave the seamen /the local time /and allowed them /to find their latitude/ at seaHowever, it was awkward/ to use /as one of the points of reference/ was the moving ship itself The QuadrantThis was a more precise/ and simplified version of the astrolabeIt measured how high stars were above the horizon /using a quarter circle/ rather than the full circle of the astrolabeIt was easier to handle /because it was moreportableIts shorting was that it still used the moving ship /as one of the fixed points of referenceAs the ship rose /and plunged /in the waves，it was extremely difficult /to be accurate /with any reading The sextantThe sextant was the updated version /of the astrolabe /and quadrant/ which reduced the tendency/ to make mistakesIt proved to be the most accurate /and reliable of these early navigational instrumentsIt works by measuring the angle /between two fixed objects /outside the ship/ using two mirrorsThis made the calculations more precise /and easier to doIII. Copying useful expressions and making sentencesYou are going to copy in your notebook all the useful expressions and make sentences of your own with them.sail the oceans, explore the oceans, plot a ships position on a map, the voyages of travelers, before the 17th century, at the mercy of, have modern navigational aids, read these pages from an encyclopediause nature to help, keep alongside the coastline, seem to have been, the first and most useful form of exploration, carry the minimum amount of riskuse celestial bodies, North Star, at the North Pole, at its highest position in the sky, at the equator, along the horizon, acplished navigators, be able to useto plot their positions, on a clear day, during the summer, use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by, use the height of the sun to work out their latitude, observe the clouds over islands, a special cloud formation, land close byuse wildlife, see seaweed in the sea, tellby the colour and smell, flesh and smelled strongly，close to land, use sea birds to show the way to land, in the evening, nesting birds, return to land and their nests, follow the birds to land, in the open seause weather, gather at sea, as well as over streams or rivers, identify the position of a stream or river, close to land, use the winds to direct ones sailing, accelerate the speed, observe the winds, before and during ones outward or return journeysuse the sea, carry ships to their destination, explore the seas, discover new lands, increase their ability to navigate new seas, use instrumentsuse navigational instruments to help, find longitude, secure method of measuring longitude, solve this theoretical problem, move westwards, 15 degrees every hour, method of calculating longitude, use speed and time, method of measuring speed, tie to, over the side of the ship, throwinto, advance through the water, pass through, during a fixed period of time, give the speed of, in nautical miles per hour, use the pass, use plicated mathematical tables, have a special magnetic pointer, indicate the North Pole, find the direction, in this way, set a straight course, in the middle of the oceanfind latitude, the Bearing Circle, measure the suns position, measure the suns shadow, parewith, the height of the sun at midday, sail on, rather than a random coursea special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship, in relation to, give sb the local time, find ones latitude at sea, use as one of the points of reference, a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe, above the horizon, use a quarter circle, use the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference, plunge in the waves，the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant, reduce the tendency, make mistakes, the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments, work by measuring the angle IV. Transforming informationNext you are going to read the text again to plete the chart below.SAILING THE OCEANSUsing nature to help keeping alongside the coastlineUsing navigational instruments to helpUsing celestial bodies: North Star; Sun; Cloudsfinding longitudeUsing wildlife: Seaweed; BirdsFinding latitude: The Bearing Circle; The Astrolabe; The Quadrant; The sextantUsing the weather: Fog; WindsUsing the seaV. Closing down by reading more about sailing the oceansSailing the oceansFor thousands of years, people have been sailing across the oceans and around the world. Knowledge of ocean currents and wind patterns has allowed people to reliably reach their destinations even after crossing huge expanses of open ocean. In this photograph, a sailboat uses wind and currents to move among the islands of Micronesia. Before modern navigational techniques were developed, navigators in the South Pacific relied on stick charts to indicate island locations relative to winds and currents.Today, racing sailboats is a sport, and teams test their skills by racing around the world. Navigation now relies on satellites, but knowledge of wind patterns, ocean currents, and potential obstacles in unfamiliar waters is still essential for sailing.In this investigation, youll plot a course for racing around the world in a sailboat. Youll explore some of the obstacles you might encounter on your route; then youll have the opportunity to revise your route to improve your speed.Additional Materialsplete the summary of the story with one word in each blank.While sailing the _1_we may make use of both the nature _2_ the navigational instruments to help. By making use of the _3_ to help, it is meant that we could either _4_ alongside the coastline, _5_use celestial bodies like the north star, the sun and the clouds, _6_ use wildlife such as seaweed, birds, _7_ use the weather such as fog and winds, _8_ use the sea. By using _9_ instruments to help it is meant _10_ we could manage to sail either by finding longitude _11_by finding latitude by means of the Bearing Circle, the Astrolabe, the Quadrant _12_ the Sextant.(Key: 1.oceans 2.and 3.nature 4.keep 5.or 6.or 7.or 8.or 9.navigational 10.that 11.or 12.and )prehension questions1. What is the main topic of this passage?A. The voyages of the travelers before the 17th centuryB. How to plot a ships position on a mapC. How did ancient men navigate so wellD. Use nature to aid navigation2. Ancient navigators use navigational instruments to help themA. find celestial bodies.B. predict the weather.C. explore the sea.D. find latitude3. The author of the passage implies that the ancient navigators were A. hard-working.B. brave.C. intelligent.D. energetic 4. According to the passage, A. the ancient acplished navigators were able to use South Star to plot their positionsB. Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seenC. Wise seamen used the snows to direct their sailingD. The sextant proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments (Key: BDCB )Notes to the special sentences1.So acplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions熟练的领航员就能够用它来确定自己的位置。句中acplished是形容词，意思是“优秀的，熟练的”，作定语修饰其后的名词。Acplished 的用法如下：已完成的; 已达到的： acplished facts 既成事实； 学识渊博的, 技术高超的, 有成就的： an acplished cook 厨艺精湛的厨师，Judy is acplished in English teaching. 茱蒂擅长英语教学； 有教养的, 优雅的： an acplished lady 才女2.On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。句中to navigate by作目的状语，修饰谓语动词，其中的by是介词，它的逻辑宾语是前面的the sun。 类似的例句有： I have no topics to write about.He found some pens to write with. He is not the person to get along with.3.Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen看不到陆地的时候，可以利用海鸟来定位通向陆地的方向。句中used后面有一个停顿。to到land作目的状语。句中when引导的是时间状语从句，修饰说明主句谓语动词。4. The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。句中that were counted during a fixed period of time是定语从句，in nautical miles 和per hour 都是状语。5. Later, when seamen began to use the pass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using plicated mathematical tables后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。using plicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。更多例句：The boy sat in front of the farmhouse cutting the branch. 那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）He came running back to tell me the news. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）An old man entered, supported by a girl. 一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）6. Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course. 这样他就能弄清楚他是沿正确航线而不是紊乱航线航行。Rather than 的例句还有：I think Ill have a cold drink rather than coffee. Why didnt you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own?7.The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。in relation to 是复合介词短语，作状语。 请看：in relation to (= concerning) this matter。 Its brain is small in relation to (= pared with) its body. Little of what he said has any relation to fact.8.It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments它证明是这些早期航海仪器中最准确最可靠的一种。句中proved可以看作半系动词，后接表语。look，turn，feel，get，bee，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等都可能用作半连系动词。例如：He looked a perfect fool他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。He turned traitor to his country他背叛了祖国。I felt very hungry after a long walk走了一段长路，我感到很饿。Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger我们国家变得越来越强大了。Some of the land became covered with water一些田地覆盖着水。The story sounds interesting这故事听起来很有趣。heflowers smell sweet花朵散发芳香。Holding the note in his hand，he stood there dumbfounded他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。They went mad他们发狂了。He never remained satisfied with his success他从不满足于自己的成绩。相关高考链接句首动词命题透视请看课文第一段最后一句：Read these pages from an encyclopedia. 句首使用了动词。现在我们来透视一下句首动词命题的相关情况：一、句首使用动词原形 此类题目多通过特定句式、固定结构考查动词的形式。近年高考考查的重点多为动词原形开头的祈使句或“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型。 1. What should I do with this passage? _ the main idea of each paragraph. （2005重庆卷） A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out 析：该句省略了主语，复原后整个句子应为：You should find out the main idea of each paragraph.正确答案为C。 2. English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it? Yes. _ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and municate. （2004上海卷） A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known 析：根据题意和结构可知，该题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，故首空应用动词原形。答案为A。 二、句首使用to-v短语形式 置于句首的to-v短语形式常作目的状语，其后使用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构（作目的状语的to-v短语放在句后也可以）。注意：若v-to形式表示的动作为句子的主语所承受，则需使用被动式。 _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.（2001北京春季卷） A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 析：从整个句子结构上看，逗号后面没有连词或关系词，可知此题考查非谓语动词形式。结合句子语意，应用不定式结构作目的状语。答案选A。 三、句首使用v-ing短语作主语的形式 v-ing短语作主语其判定方法为：该动词短语作主语与谓语动词直接连接，没有逗号隔开。 _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. （2002上海卷） A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 析：分析句子结构可知，will do是谓语，缺少主语，要用v-ing形式作主语。expose与ones skin是动宾关系，故应用v-ing的被动式。答案为C。 四、句首使用v-ing短语作状语的形式 用在句首的v-ing形式作状语常常表示原因、时间、条件或让步，其后用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，v-ing短语形式具有“进行”和“主动”意义。但当v-ing短语的逻辑主语承受其动作时要用被动式；当v-ing表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时要用完成式；否定形式是把not放在v-ing短语的前边。 1. _ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （2005湖北卷） A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated 析：从结构上看，判断为该动词短语作状语；从意义上看，该动词短语作原因状语，需用v-ing形式；从逻辑上看，句子的主语Australia与separate的关系应为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用被动形式；从题意上看，separate这个动作是在主句的谓语动词has之前发生的，因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正确答案为C。 注：置于句首的v-ing短语作状语时，其前可加上相应的从属连词when, while, if, though, although, once等，以明确所作状语的类型。 2. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. （2002上海卷） A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 析：his parents与lack是主谓关系，要用v-ing形式作状语，在前面加上though，使得让步意义更加明显。答案为C。 五、句首使用v-ed短语作状语的形式 用在句首的v-ed形式作状语也常常表示原因、时间、条件、让步或背景状态，其后也用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，只是v-ed短语形式具有“被动”和“完成”意义。 1. _ in the mountains for a week, the two students are finally saved by the local police.（2005江苏卷） A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing 析：从结构上看，动词短语有逗号隔开，应为该动词短语作状语；此题测试词组be lost in.的用法，它表状态，不表动作。故答案为B。 2. _ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.（20