2019-2020年高考英语 名词性从句教案.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 名词性从句教案一、性质及分类：名词性从句相当于名词，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，所以名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。必须注意从句必须用陈述句语序。二、引导词：名词性从句的引导词有：从属连词that，whether，if（一般用于宾语从句中），as if（用于表语从句）；连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever；连接副词when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far, how often, how far, whenever, wherever, however等。三、用法：（一）主语从句的用法： 1、that引导主语从句的情况（that引导主语从句在句中无词义，也不充当句子成分）：（1）可否省略：that引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不可省略（引导表语从句和同位语从句时也不能省略）。如：That he will e is certain. That she was chosen made us happy. （2）用it作形式主语，将that引导的真正主语从句置于后面的情况： “It + be + adj + that从句”。常用于该句型的形容词有：true，clear，obvious，remarkable（值得注意的），probable，（im）possible，interesting，important，certain，（un）likely，astonishing，surprise，doubtful，essential，necessary，important，better，surprising，desirable，impossible，strange，natural，advisable等。如：It is obvious that she doesnt like the play. It is certain that we will pass the exam. 注意当形容词为essential，necessary，important，better，surprising，desirable，impossible，strange，natural，advisable等时，that从句要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词为“should + 动词原形”，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。如：It is necessary that we（should）clean the room every day. “It + be + 名词（短语）+ that从句”。 常用于该句型的名词短语有：duty，a fact，a good thing，good news，an honor，no surprise，a pity，a shame等。注意a pity，a shame后面的that从句有时要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词为“should + 动词原形”，表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等。如：It is a pity that you（should）be so careless. “It + be + 过去分词 + that从句”。 常用于该句型的过去分词有：一坚持（insist）二命令（order. mand）四建议（suggest. advise. remend. propose）五要求(demand. require. request. desire. ask)等，that从句要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词为“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、命令等。如：It will be suggested that she（should）finish her homework.附：虚拟语气在名词性从句之中的运用总述：在动词：一坚持（insist）二命令（order. mand）四建议（suggest. advise. remend. propose）五要求(demand. require. request. desire. urge)等动词后面的宾语从句中、这些动词的过去分词形式（insisted，ordered，manded，suggested，advised，remended，proposed，demanded，required，requested，desired，urged）出现在“It is/was + 过去分词 + that.”型主语从句中，以及这些动词的名词形式（insistence, order, mand, suggestion, advice, remendation, proposal, demand, requirement, requestment, desire, urgent）后面的表语从句和同位语从句中必须用虚拟语气，谓语动词为（should）do. 下面有分类介绍。如：（以suggest为例）He suggests that we (should) obey the law.（宾语从句中）It is suggested that we (should) obey the law.（主语从句中）The suggestion is that we (should) obey the law.（表语从句中）The suggestion that we (should) obey the law is right.（同位语从句中） “It + 不及物动词 + 从句”。常用于该句型的不及物动词有：seem，appear，happen，turn out等。如：It doesnt matter which of the question is to be discussed first. It doesnt make much difference whether they e or not. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，只能用it作形式主语。如：Is it possible that he will raise money for the children who were out of school？ Does it matter much that they will not e tomorrow？ 当that主语从句全句是感叹句时，只能用it作形式主语。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet！2、whether引导的主语从句： whether表示“是否”，可以引导全部的四种名词性从句。但if表示“是否”，只能引导宾语从句。如：Whether he is our teacher is not clear. = It is not clear whether he is our teacher. 注意：whether or not/whether.or not/whether.or.也可以引导主语从句。如：Whether or not he is our friend doesnt matter too much. It doesnt too much whether or not he is our friend. Whether you will succeed or not doesnt interest me. It doesnt interest me whether you will succeed or not.3、由连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what或连接副词when，where，why，how引导的主语从句（注意从句中的主语和谓语应按陈述句的语序排列）： Who will attend the meeting has not been decided. What you have said sounds reasonable. Where he has gone is not known to us yet. 注意：连接代词whoever，whichever，whatever，what等引导的主语从句，一般不用it作形式主语，该从句一般位于句首。如：Whoever es will be wele. Whichever road you take will lead you to town. Whatever order she gives are obeyed. What you have said sounds reasonable （二）宾语从句的用法：宾语从句在句中可以作谓语动词的宾语、表语形容词的宾语、介词宾语和非谓语动词的宾语。1、that引导宾语从句的情况：that引导宾语从句时，常常可以省略，但在下列情况下that不可以省略。（1）that从句被短语、词组与谓语动词分隔开时，that不可以省略。如：They told us once again that this would never happen. Everyone could see，I believe that Mike was terrified. （2）当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可以省略。如：She said（that）her mother had gone abroad and that she would e back in a week. （3）that宾语从句置于句首表示强调时，that不可以省略。如：That he never did such a thing I simply didnt believe. 2、whether/if（是否）引导宾语从句的情况：一般请况下，whether 和if引导宾语从句可以互换。但在下列情况下whether 和if不可以互换。（1）当宾语从句为否定句时，只能用if，不能用whether。如：I dont care if she doesnt smile.（2）whether之后可以紧跟or not或构成whether.or not结构，if后不能紧跟or not，但可以构成if.or not结构。如：I wonder whether/if Mr. Smith has arrived or not.= I wonder whether or not Mr. Smith has arrived.（3）当该宾语从句作介词的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if。如：Everything depends on whether he is happy. I am worried about whether he was hurt in the accident.（4）当引导词后面出现了不定式时，只能用whether，不能用if。如：Can you tell me whether to go or to stay？（5）引导主语从句且置于句首时，引导表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。如：Whether they will win or lose is all the same to me. My question right now is whether he is a teacher. The question whether he can do it must be told us now.（6）在某些动词如discuss后面，只能用whether，不能用if。如：We discussed whether we should buy a car.（7）if有多种含义，当“是否”讲时，可以引导宾语从句；当“如果”讲时，引导条件状语从句。当if出现在宾语从句中时，如果引起歧义，应用whether代替if。:如：Please tell me if you agree to do.-Please tell me whether you agree to do. 注意：动词doubt用在肯定句中表示“怀疑”时，宾语从句可以用whether/if引导；但当动词doubt用在否定句中表示“不怀疑”或疑问句中表示“怀疑吗”时，用that引导宾语从句。doubt当名词用作同位语从句的先行词时，用在肯定句中表示“怀疑”时，用whether引导同位语从句；用在否定句中表示“不怀疑”或疑问句中表示“怀疑吗”时，用that引导同位语从句。如：I doubt whether/if he will e soon. I dont doubt that he can finish the job on time. There is some doubt whether he can do it. There is no doubt that he can do it. 3、宾语从句后置的情况：当动词think, make, consider等宾语从句后面还有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，将宾语从句后置。如：He has made it clear that he will not give in.4、that作介词宾语的情况：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，常用在except，but，in后面。如：He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. 5、接it的模糊用法，也称为接it作形式宾语的情况 有些动词带宾语从句时，习惯上需要在宾语从句前加上it作形式宾语，又称为it的模糊用法。（1）it + that 可以引导宾语从句，这样的动词或词组有: see to（it）（确保），depend on, rely on, insist on, take（猜想、认为）。如：I take it that he is not fond of reading this novel.Our teacher saw to it that our homework should be finished on time.（2） like, love, appreciate, enjoy, dislike, hate it +（介词短语）+ when引导的宾语从句。如：I hate it in the evening when you sing. 附：if与whether的用法区别1、相同点：当it作形式主语时，两者均可以引导主语从句。如：It is unknown if/whether he will e or not.两者均可以引导由一般疑问句充当的表示肯定的宾语从句。如：Lucy asked me，“Are you a teacher？”-Lucy asked me if/whether I was a teacher？两者均可以引导状语从句：if常引导条件状语从句作“如果”讲时，表示将来常用一般现在时态，也可以根据需要用现在完成时态（注意如果作“是否”讲时，引导宾语从句仍用一般将来时态表示将来），whether引导让步状语从句作“不管，无论”讲。如：If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to the zoo.（条件状语从句） I dont know if it will rain tomorrow.（宾语从句） Whether you will go or not，I will.两者均可以和or搭配，构成“if/whetheror（或或，是是）”结构。如：He asked me if/whether I was going out or staying at home.2、不同点：只能用whether的情况：引导主语从句（it作形式主语时除外）、表语从句和同位语从句时，只用whether，不用if。如：Whether it is true isnt clear. The question is whether he will speak at the meeting. I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan.宾语从句提前时，只用whether，不用if。如：Whether the news is true or not，I dont care.介词后面的宾语从句只用whether，不用if。如：Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film.discuss后面的宾语从句只用whether，不用if。如：We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.whether后面可以直接接or not，而if不能。如：Im not sure whether or not his answer is right.whether后面可以直接接不定式，而if不能。如：We havent decided whether to walk there or not.只能用if的情况：引导表示否定概念的宾语从句时，只能用if，不能用whether。如：He asked me if I didnt e to school yesterday.引导状语从句时，if通常引导条件状语从句（从句中常用一般现在时态表示将来，有时可以根据需要用现在完成时态表示将来。），而whether则通常引导让步状语从句。如：The students will go to the park if it is fine tomorrow. /Please give the book to me if you have finished it. Whether you will go or not，I will.if可以构成even if，as if，if not等固定结构，但whether不能。如：I will send for you even if you dont e. He talks as if he has known it.If（you do）not（go back where you e from），I will hit you some day. 5、连接代词或连接副词引导宾语从句的情况：连接代词或连接副词后的宾语从句用陈述句语序，注意当what，who在特殊疑问句中作主语时，该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序，所以不需要调整语序。如：He asked the girl what was wrong with her. I want to know who broke the window.6、if/when引导状语从句（if引导条件状语从句，when引导时间状语从句），常常用一般现在时态表示将来（也可以根据需要用现在完成时态来表示将来）；但当if/when引导宾语从句时，不能用一般现在时态表示将来。如：I will go to the park if it is fine tomorrow. Please give the book to me when you have finished it.（if/when引导状语从句）I wonder if you will e here. He wants to know when the meeting will begin.（if/when引导宾语从句）7、表语形容词后面接宾语从句的情况（有些语法书上把这种从句称为修饰形容词的状语从句）：如：I am sure（that）you can answer the question. I am sorry（that）I didnt finish it in time. I am not sure whether/if they will e on time.8、think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess（认为、猜想）引导宾语从句的情况： （1）否定转移：否定转移的条件是：当主句主语为一人称、主句谓语动词是think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess等，并且要否定宾语从句时，才进行否定的转移。如：I dont think the book is worth reading. （2）变反意疑问句：存在这种否定转移现象的句子在作否定转移时，具有以下特点：在带有宾语从句的主句中，如果主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意疑问句应针对于主句的主语和谓语动词而定；但如果主句的主语是第一人称时，反意疑问句的主语和时态要与宾语从句保持一致，并注意否定转移。如：You think he can finish his work，dont you？ I dont think you are a doctor，are you？ （3）双重疑问句：当think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess（认为、猜想）等作主句谓语时，常常会出现一种以疑问词开头的双重疑问句（有些语法书上称为插入语）。如：What do you think he is？ How much time do you suppose I must spend on it？9、wonder，doubt，be sure，certain之后的宾语从句的连接词情况： （1）wonder的情况：当wonder意为“对.感到惊奇”时，用that引导宾语从句；当wonder意为“想知道，不知道”时，用what，who，whose，which，when，where，why，how，whether/if等连接代词或连接副词引导宾语从句。如：Do you wonder that nobody would e？ He wondered how I had been so angry.（2）doubt的情况： 当doubt用于否定句或疑问句时，用that引导宾语从句；当doubt用于肯定句时，用whether/if引导宾语从句。如：I dont doubt that he will pass the exam. Do you doubt that he is a scientist？ I doubt whether/if he should be trusted.（3）be sure/be certain的情况： 当be sure/be certain用于肯定句或疑问句时，用that引导宾语从句；当它们用于否定句中时，用whether/if，what，who，whose，where，when，how等引导宾语从句。如：I am sure/certain that he is right. Are sure/certain that he is right？ I am not sure/certain why she said those words. 注意be sure和be certain的用法基本相同，只是be certain还可以用语形式主语这一结构。如：It is certain that he will agree.直接引语变间接引语一、定义：直接转述别人的话叫“直接引语”。用自己的话转述别人的话叫“间接引语”。（直接引语一般前后加引号，间接引语不用引号。）二、变法：1、直接引语变间接引语时，绝大部分情况就是将直接引语变成宾语从句，因此它与宾语从句的变法差不多，也要注意引导词、语序和时态的变化：引导词：直接引语为陈述句用that引导，主句谓语动词多用say，tell等；为疑问句用if/whether（选择疑问句用whetheror/or not）引导，为特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导，主句谓语动词多用ask，wonder等，为感叹句用what / how或that引导，为祈使句多用ask/tell/order/warn/beg/mand sb（not）to do结构。 语序：引导词后面一律用陈述句语序。 时态：当主句为现在或将来的各种时态、为祈使句、为含有情态动词的句子时，直接引语可以根据需要确定时态；当主句为过去的各种时态时，直接引语不能根据需要使用时态，应该变成相应的过去时态。如：She said，“What a lovely day it is！”-She said what a lovely day it was./She said that it was a lovely day.She said，“I will e here this evening.-She said that she would go there that evening.He said，“Are you interested in English？”-He asked（me）if I was interested in English.“What can I do for you？”he asked me.-He asked（me）what he could do for me.（注意：当直接引语为问句并且主句的谓语是say/said.变间接引语时应变成ask/asked）2、当直接引语为祈使句，变间接引语时，应根据句子意思将祈使句变成ask/tell/order/warn/advise等词的宾语补足语，构成“ask/tell/order/warn/advise sb.（not）to do sth”结构（如果祈使句是否定句，应在不定式的前面加上not）。如：“Please close the door，”she said to me.-She told me to close the door.“Dont smoke in the room，”he said to me.-He told me not to smoke in the room.（注意：当直接引语为祈使句并且主句的谓语是say/said to sb.变间接引语时应变成tell/told sb.）3、直接引语变间接引语时，还要注意动词、时间状语、地点状语、人称代词和指示代词的变化。即：动时地人示（冻死的人士）。动词的变化：当直接引语中有e，变间接引语时应变成go。如：She said，“I will e here this evening.-She said that she would go there that evening.时间状语的变化：当直接引语中有now，today，yesterday，tomorrow，next week，ago，变间接引语时应分别变成then，that day，the day before，the next/following day，the next week，before。如：He said，“I went there yesterday.”-He said that he had gone there the day before.地点状语的变化：当直接引语中有here，变间接引语时应变成there。如：She said，“My sister was here one moment ago.”-She said that her sister had been there one week before.人称代词的变化：根据实际情况进行相应的变化。如：Jim said，“I will go there tomorrow.”-Jim said that he would go there the next/following day.指示代词的变化：当直接引语中有this，these.变间接引语时分别应变成that，those。如：He said，“These books are mine.”-He said that those books were his.（注意：如果转述的时间和地点没有发生变化时，here不必变成there；动词e不必变成go；yesterday，tomorrow等状语也不必改变。）4、直接引语变间接引语时态不变的情况：当直接引语为客观真理或经常性的动作时，间接引语仍保持一般现在时态。如：She said，“The earth is round.”-She said that the earth is round.当直接引语中有确切的过去时间状语时，间接引语仍保持一般过去时态。如：He said ，“I was born in 1978.“-He said that he was born in 1978.附：直接引语变间接引语详表直接引语间接引语一般现在时态一般过去时态现在进行时态过去进行时态现在完成时态过去完成时态一般过去时态过去完成时态过去完成时态过去完成时态一般将来时态过去将来时态cancouldmaymightmusthad to，mustshallshouldwillwould名称直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowthentodaythat daythis morningthat morningtonightthat nighttomorrowthe next/following dayyesterdaythe day beforelast nightthe night beforeyesterday afternoonthe afternoon beforethe day before yesterdaytwo days beforenext monththe next/following month地点状语herethere方向性动词bringtakeego（三）表语从句的用法（表语从句一般位于主句中的连系动词之后）：1、that引导表语从句的情况（that引导表语从句在句中无词义，也不从当句子成分，注意that不可以省略）：如：The truth is that I have never been there. What I know is that he cant do it.2、whether引导表语从句的情况（注意此时不可以用if代替）：如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 3、as if/as though引导表语从句的情况：as if/as though常用在系动词look，seem，feel等之后，引导表语从句时，从句可以用陈述和虚拟两种语气，若所表达的意思是真实的，就用陈述语气；若表达与客观事实相反的假设，就用虚拟语气。如：It looks as if it would rain. It looks as if our team is going to win.注意as一般不引导表语从句，但也有例外。如：They were not as they seemed to be.4、由连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句（注意此时where，why，how分别译为“地方、原因、这样”）。如：The problem is who can get there. That is how he managed to overe the difficulties. That is why she was absent yesterday. Your radio is where you left it.5、reason, cause作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that，一般不用because或why；而当用it，this，that作主语时，后面的表语从句可以用because或why引导。注意句型：The reason whyis that. 如：The reason was that he fell ill. It/This/That was because he fell ill. It/This/That was why he fell ill. The reason why he was late for class is that he got up late. （四）同位语从句的用法：that引导同位语从句时不能省略。1、同位语从句是指句子进一步说明其前面的名词的具体内容的从句，这些名词常见的有thought，idea，fact，news，suggestion，plan，belief，doubt，fear等，引导同位语从句的连词有that，whether或连接副词when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（怎样），how等。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. I have no idea when he will be back. 2、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：（1）定语从句的先行词在定语从句中要作成分，而同位语从句的先行词在同位语从句中不作成分。 （2）定语从句的先行词可以是人，也可以是物，而同位语从句的先行词一般是表示抽象概念的名词（fact，idea，belief，information，news，message，question，answer，reply，thought，hope，doubt等）。 （3）定语从句的引导词要受先行词的限制（与先行词保持一致），而同位语从句的引导词不受先行词的限制，只根据从句表达的意思选择。如：We all know the fact that is explained in the paper.（定语从句） We all know the fact that the earth moves around the sun.（同位语从句）（五）其它用法：1、what与that引导名词性从句的区别：两者都能引导名词性从句，但what有含义并且要在名词性从句中充当句子成分(what=something that)，而that没有含义并且不在名词性从句中充当任何成分。同时what引导的主语从句，其后面是系动词+表语结构时，系动词依据表语决定。如：What he told us at the meeting was true. That he spoke at the meeting was true.What he has are books. That he cant see anything isnt true. 2、whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever，whichever，whenever, wherever, however等引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who，anyone whom，anyone whose，anything that，anyone/anything that, the place that, the time that, the reason that引导的定语从句。引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter who，no matter whom, no matter whose，no matter what, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how引导的让步状语从句。 如：Whoever breaks the law should be punished.=Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. Whoever breaks the law，he should be punished.=No matter who breaks the law，he should be punished.3、名词性从句里面可能用虚拟语气的情况。（略，见虚拟语气部分）4、that不可省略的情况：that引导主语从句置于句首时不可省略。如：That he is a teacher is true. That she was chosen made us happy.当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个宾语从句的that不可省略；同时，that引导的从句与其他引导词引导的从句作并列宾语时，that也不能省去。如：She said（that）her mother had gone abroad and that she would e back in a week. Every one could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked.that宾语从句和主句之间被短语、词组与谓语动词分隔开时，不可以省略。如：They told us once again that this would never happen. Everyone could see，I believe that Mike was terrified.I dont doubt, in any case, that our school team will win the match.that引导的宾语从句后置而由it作形式宾语时，that不可省略。如：I found it impossible that he could finish the work in an hour.that引导的宾语从句紧接在间接宾语后时，that不可省略。如：Our teacher tells us that he is a Chinese and that he will work hard for the people.that引导的宾语从句提前时，that不可省略。如：That Bob was really frightened, I cant believe.That he never did such a thing I simply didnt believe.that从句作介词except, but, in等的宾语时，that不可省略。如：He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. that引导表语从句和同位语从句时不可省略。The trouble is that he is always late for class.The suggestion that all of us should obey the rule is right.5、注意比较两个句子的意思：I dont know what is the matter. 我不知道怎么啦/发生了什么事？I dont know what the matter is. 我不知道这个事情/麻烦是什么？6、主谓一致：一个主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数，如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如：When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.