2019-2020年高二英语 Unit 1 Grammar 虚拟语气知识精讲 新人教版选修6.doc

2019-2020年高二英语 Unit 1 Grammar 虚拟语气知识精讲 新人教版选修6一、学习目标： 1. 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的应用。2. 掌握虚拟语气使用的语境及方法。二、重点、难点：虚拟语气在条件句中的句型结构。三、考情分析： 在高考题中，目前全国19套各地市试题中涉及到虚拟语气知识点的占30%以上，因此这一语法项目在高考中变得越来越重要。这一知识点经常以单项选择题的形式出现，分值为1分。而且，我们在日常对话中也会经常用到虚拟语气。四、知能提升（一）知识讲解【认知讲解】教材原句呈现If you were an artist, what kind of pictures would you paint?If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.Have you ever wished you could paint as well as a professional artist?对比分析第一个句子中的从句显然是做了一个不可能成立的假设，这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气的句子。第二个句子中则是与过去事实相反，是表示如果透视法没有被发现，就没有人能够画出这样具有现实主义的画来。第三个句子中wish后面的虚拟语气，表示与将来事实相反。【重、难点】1）虚拟语气可以用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用得比较多。 2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际发生的可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。I. 真实条件句用于陈述语气，所假设的情况有可能发生。结构如下所示：从句往往用一般现在时，而主句则由“shall/will + 动词原形”构成。例句If he es, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，他将会带他的小提琴来。 【考题链接】The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案：B 解题思路：真实条件句的主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意： 1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，应该用shall或will。例句（错）If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. （对）If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2）在表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 例句You get 3 if you add 1 and 2.你用1加2会得3。II. 非真实条件句 如果假设的情况是过去、现在都不存在的，或将来也不太可能发生的，则使用虚拟条件句。例句If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件句和主句的动词形式列表如下： 1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况。条件句主句例句动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）would（should，could，might）+动词原形If I were you, I would not be so proud.I dont have a cell phone. If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others. 2. 表示与过去事实相反的情况。条件句主句例句had +p.p.would/should/could/might+ have+ p. pIf you had e earlier，you would have met him.3. 与将来的事实可能相反的情况。条件句主句例句动词的过去式或should+动词原形或were to+ 动词原形should/would/could/might+动词原形If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out.注意主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。下面分别讲解一下相关的内容：l. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。例句If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。【考题链接】Mary is ill today. If she _ , she _ absent from school. A. were not ill; wouldnt beB. had been ill; wouldnt have been C. had been ill; should have beenD. hadnt been ill; could be答案：A 解题思路：本题考查与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。主句用“would / should / could / might +动词原形”，可排除B、C两项，再由虚拟句的结构和句意，可知选A项。2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。例句If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。【考题链接】1）The weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died答案：D解题思路：答语中的If条件句是我们选出正确答案的关键。句意为“要是当时下雨了，现在的情况就好得多了！我的蔬菜也就不会死了”。这一内容与过去事实相反：过去没有下雨，所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发生在过去。将句子整合还原为：If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldnt have died. 虚拟条件句为If+ had done,主句为couldnt/ shouldnt/ wouldnt have done。2）If he _my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job.A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow答案：C 解题思路：根据主句中“wouldnt have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，结构为“had + p.p.”故选C项。3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。例句If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们就不出去了。【考题链接】This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.A. would B. should C. could D. might答案：B 解题思路：本题考查虚拟语气的用法。先弄清假设的时间段，此处表示将来，然后再套句式。4. 有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。我们把这种句子叫做混合条件句。例句If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，你的身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在) If I were you, I would have bought the second-hand car.我要是你的话，我就买下那辆二手车了。(从句动作指现在，主句动作指过去)If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today（现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。 【考题链接】If they _ earlier than expected, they _ here now.A. had started, would beB. started, might beC. had started, would have beenD. will start, might have been答案：A 解题思路：本题考查混合条件句。从句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，主语是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，综合考虑，选择A项。5. 虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: （1）省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件句中有were，had 或 should，则可以把if省略掉，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。这种情况我们叫做虚拟倒装句。例句Should he e (If he should e), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，我就不做这事了。【考题链接】1）_ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I 答案：C解题思路：在虚拟条件状语从句中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，再将这三个词提到主语的前边，变成“were, should, had +主语”的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如，我们可以说 Were I not to do, 但不能说 Werent I to do。 2）Had I known about the puter program, a large amount of time and energy _ . A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved答案：A 解题思路：根据句子的倒装特征判断此处使用了省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known about this puter program, a huge amount of time and energy .故选择A项。句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。例句Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气，也就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help) I couldnt have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。【考题链接】1）Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ it without you.A. can manageB. could have managedC. could manageD. can have managed答案：B解题思路：由“without you”可知这是一种虚拟情况，再由语情判断这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，主句用“would / could / should / might +动词原形”，故选B项。2）_ the fog, we should have reached our destination. A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for 答案：D解题思路：根据后面的“should + have + p. p.”可以判断这是一个虚拟语气，所以D项正确。【知识拓展】1. 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。例句I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来可以完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成)【考题链接】I didnt know his telephone number, otherwise I _ him.A. had telephonedB. would telephoneC. would have telephonedD. telephone答案：C 解题思路：otherwise把过去的事实推翻，后面的句子与过去的事实相反。所以选C项。2. 省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。例句You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本来可以自己洗衣服的。（省去了“If you had wanted to”事实是：你自己没洗衣服，是因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。例句If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊! (事实是:她已经走了。)If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!【考题链接】If only I _ to the lecture yesterday!A. listenB. will listen C. am listening D. had listened答案：D 解题思路：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气从句要用过去完成时。III. wish的用法 在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句中通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句中的动词用过去式或were。例句I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(事实是可惜我不知道)【考题链接】I wish our teacher _ to give another test. I havent got prepared yet. A. isnt going B. werent going C. will not going D. could have gone答案：B 解题思路：考查与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。Wish后的从句用过去相关时态。2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句中的动词常用“had+过去分词”形式。I wish (wished) I hadnt spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(事实是实际上已经花掉了)【考题链接】I wish I _ to the movies with you last night. A. went B. did go C. could go D. had gone 答案：D解题思路：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，wish后的从句用过去完成时。3)表示对将来的主观愿望:从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。例句I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停。I wish you would e soon. 但愿你能立刻来。【考题链接】Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he _ be tall when he grows up. A. could B. shouldC. would D. were able to答案：C解题思路：希望未来情况有所改变，应该用虚拟语气，结构为“would +动词原形”，故选C项。（二）提分技巧虚拟语气是近年来高考考查的重要知识点，对这一知识的考查现在主要集中在与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的句型结构以及由without构成的含蓄条件句。我们要学会判断真实与虚拟之间的转换，才能够正确作出选择。（三）即学即练1. Everything _ if Albert hadnt called the fire brigade. A. will be destroyed B. will have been destroyed C. would be destroyed D. would have been destroyed 2. If I _ where he lived, I _ a note to him.A. knew, would sendB. had known, would have sentC. know, would sendD. knew, would have sent3. I didnt know his telephone number. _ it, I _ then.A. Had I known, would ring him upB. Should I know, would have rung him up C. If I knew; would ring him upD. Had I known; would have rung him up4. Supposing this ship _ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers? A. was sinking B. has sunk C. were to sink D. sunk5. _fired, your health and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be6. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing petition. A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won7. How I wish I _ to repair the watch! I only made it worse. A. had tried B. hadnt tried C. have tried D. didnt try 8. Without your help, we_ so much. A. wont achieve B. didnt achieve C. dont achieve D. wouldnt have achievedUnit 2 Poems一、预习新知1. 重点单词aspect, convey, concrete , branch ,transform, load, translate, appropriate2. 重点短语take it easy, run out of, make sense, make up of, try out, let out, stay up, by chance 3. 重点句型1）Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions.2）And said though strange they all were true.二、预习点拨思考问题一：借助词典或其他工具书查询以下几组同义词的区别。1. poem/poetry 2. transform/change 3. appropriate/suitable/fit 4. run out/run out of 思考问题二：你了解英语中的诗歌吗？（答题时间：50分钟）一、单项选择1. _ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive. A. If he went B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone D. Had he gone *2. If you were older, I _ you to go there yesterday. 3. I wish I _ able to tell him all about it last night. A. was B. were C. had been D. should be 4. If we _ here ten minutes earlier, we _ the bus. A. arrived/would catch B. arrived/would have caught C. had arrived/had caught D. had arrived/would have caught *5. If I _ more time, I would have gone with him. A. had B. had had C. have had D. would have *6. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he _ to the meeting. A. would e B. came C. would have e D. had e 7. Dont touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up, he _ you. A. would e to B. would e atC. would have e toward D. will e to 8. If he had not gone out in the storm _. A. he will be alive now B. he would be alive now C. he would have been alive now D. he is alive now9. If it _ tomorrow, what would we do? A. rains B. were to rain C. would rain D. rain 10. If only I _ how to operate an electronic puter as you do. A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew 11. But for the party, he _ of hunger 30 years ago. A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die *12. I would have e earlier, but I _ that you were waiting for me. A. didnt know B. hadnt know C. would have known D. havent known 13. I was busy yesterday, or I _ your birthday party. A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended 14. We _ our lives had it not been for the policeman. A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. could have lost 15. Without your help, our team _ the last match. A. wont win B. will lose C. wouldnt have won D. cant win 二、完形填空Head on hand and resting his right arm on his left knee，he has sat in silent contemplation(沉思)for more than 100 years. What on earth has he been 16 about?Well，you may have the 17 to ask him yourself. “The Thinker” one of the most famous sculptures(雕塑)of all time，will visit Beijing for the first time on April 4th and he will 18 for one month “The Thinker is more than a famous sculptureIt 19 a depth of feeling for humanity(人性)and a nobility of 20 ”said Liu Yan，executive director(总策划)of Cyber-ark Consulting，which has 21 the exhibition. “It deserves artistic and spiritual appreciation.” “The Thinker” is the masterpiece of French artist August RodinRodin was born in Paris in 1840. At the age of 14 he entered a local school of decorative arts. The teenager wanted to be an artist，but failed to get 22 into the best 23 school in ParisHis application was turned _24 every time As an 18-year-old，he worked as a stonecutter to 25 his livingFour years later the death of his sister upset him so greatly that he joined a monastery(修道院) 26 his talent was recognized and he was encouraged to pursue his artist dream Young Rodin spent 10 years working for sculptorsIn 1876，he travelled to Italy 27 he saw the works of Michelangelo(米开朗琪罗)and othersThat gave him the push he needed to go from Rodin the gifted artisan(工匠)to Rodin the 28 The trip 29 his sculpture “The Age of Bronze”(青铜时代)，which shot him to fame. In 1880he was chosen to create a bronze door for the future Museum of Decorative Arts in ParisWhile working on the doors，which are known 30 “The Gates of Hell (地狱之门)”, Rodin read great Italian 31 Dante(但丁)，who inspired 32 of his art. He always tried to show people as they 33 were. And he refused to ignore the negative part of humanity. His works display sadness and moral weakness, 34 passion and beautyThe irregular 35 of his sculptures sets them apart from the cold, smooth surface that was the tradition.His creativity in form and subject matter(主题)established his reputation as the first master of modern sculpture. When Rodin was 76 years old he gave the French Government his entire collection of worksHe died one year later. 16. A. talking B. thinking C. discussing D. expecting17. A. ability B. wish C. chance D. interest18. A. keep B. appear C. include D. stay19. A. shows B. describes C. explains D. announces20. A. thought B. sculpture C. dream D. character21. A. offered B. organized C. suggested D. admitted22. A. received B. entered C. allowed D. accepted23. A. culture B. sport C. art D. spirit24. A. off B. down C. up D. over25. A. make B. continue C. attend D. begin26. A. so B. Thus C. However D. There27. A. where B. which C. one D. what28. A. writer B. artist C. reporter D. maker29. A. encouraged B. attracted C. inspired D. reminded30. A. on B. to C. for D. as31. A. poet B. singer C. painter D. pianist32. A. more B. much C. many D. too33. A. possibly B. easily C. really D. already34. A. rather than B. other than C. as well as D. instead of35. A. theme B. surface C. collection D. material三、阅读理解 AIn every British town，large and small, you will find shops that sell secondhand goods. Sometimes such shops deal mostly in furniture, sometimes in books，some times in ornaments and household goods，sometimes even in clothes. The furniture may often be “antique”, and it may well have changed hands many times. It may also be very valuable，although the most valuable piece will usually go to the London salesroom，where one piece might well be sold for hundreds of thousands of pounds. As you look around these shops and see the polished wood of chests and tables, you cannot help thinking of those long dead hands which polished that wood, of those nowclosed eyes which once looked at these pieces with love. The books, too, may be antique and very precious；some may be rare first printings. Often when someone dies or has to move house，his books may all be sold，so that sometimes you may find whole libraries in one shop. On the border between England and Wales，there is a town which has bee a huge bookshop as well. Even the cinema and castle have been taken over，and now books have replaced sheep as the towns main trade. There are also much more humble shops, sometimes simply called “junk shops”，where you can buy small household pieces very cheaply. Sometimes the profits from these shops go to charity. Even these pieces, though, can make you feel sad；you think of those people who once treasured them，but who have moved on，to another country or to death. Although the British do not worship their ancestors，they do treasure the past and the things of the past. This is true of houses as well. These days no one knocks them down. They are restored until they are often better than new. In Britain, people do not buy something just because it is new. Old things are treasured for their proven worth；new things have to prove themselves before they are accepted. 36. Books found in secondhand bookshops may _. A. be copies of the earliest printing B. be on sale for the first time C. never be worth very much D. never be rare37. What is the small town on the border between England and Wales famous for?A. Its sheep. B. Its bookshops. C. Its cinema. D. Its castle. 38. Secondhand goods sometimes fill you with sadness because _. A. they are too expensive for average buyers B. they remind you of the original owner C. they are now neglected D. they are sold for charity39. The average British person_. A. does not respect old things because they are not fashionable B. likes to build new houses simply because it is fashionable to do so C. likes to buy new things because they are fashionable D. does not like to buy things simply because they are fashionable 40. What does the underlined word “them” (Paragraph 4)refer to? A. Junk shops. B. Profits from shops. C. Small household pieces. D. Old houses. B Why do men die earlier than women? The latest research makes it known that the reason could be that mens hearts go into rapid decline when they reach middle ago. The largest study of the effects of ageing on the heart has found that womens longevity may be linked to the fact that their hearts do not lose their pumping power with age. “ We have found that the power of the male heart falls by 20 to 25 percent between 18 and 70 years of age”, said the head of the study, David Goldspink of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK. “Within the heart there are millions of cells that enable it to beat. Between the age of 20 and 70，onethird of those cells die and are not replaced in men，”said Goldspink. “This is part of the ageing process. ” What surprises scientists is that the female heart sees very little loss of these cells. A healthy 70year-old womans heart could perform almost as well as a 20-year- old ones. “This gender difference might just explain why women live longer than men,” said Goldspink. They studied more than 250 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 80，f