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英语句 子 成 分 Members of a Sentence,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一： （主谓） 二： （主系表） 三： （主谓宾） 四： （主谓间宾直宾） 五： （主谓宾宾补）,组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分， 英语的基本成分有七种：_和_,主语（subject）、,谓语（predicate）、,表语（predicative）、,宾语（object）、,定语（attribute）、,状语(adverbial),补语（complement）。,基本句型 一： （主谓）,主语：主语是一个句子叙述的主体，说明句子讲的是“什么人”“什么事物”。可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词，从句等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构， 如：We study. He often comes late., （不及物动词）,1. The sunrose. 2. Itdoes not work. 3. I live in Kaifeng. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. You can come whenever you like.,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，后不能直接加宾语，若要加上宾语， 必须先在其后添加某个介词如：to,of,at,in,from,with，on 等后方可加上宾语，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常用的不及物动词有live,stay,work,come,go,sit,rise等。,基本句型 二： （主系表）,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份,状态或特征的表语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词分两类：表状态或表变化 表状态持续的词有： 1.be（am,is,are,was,were） be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用，其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 2.感官动词：look cool, sound great, feel soft, smell bad，taste terrible 3. keep, stay, remain,seem,appear,look等: keep quiet, stay calm 表情况变化的词： get, grow, become, turn, go,fall等: get paid, grow old, become a lawyer, turn green, go bad.,请观察下列句子：,1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. Everything looks different. 4. He is growing tall and strong. 5. His face turned red. 6. Everyone keeps silent.,基本句型 三： （主谓宾）,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,请观察下列句子：,1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said ，“Good morning.“ 5. He admits that he was mistaken.,请观察下列句子：,She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.,基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语， eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人 (间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。,特别提醒:在此句型中， 通常是间接宾语（人）在前，直接宾语（物）在后，有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调，这时间接宾语前应加上适当的介词。 直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，间接宾语前加介词to的动词有： give(给), tell(告诉) , lend(借给) , sell(卖), teach(教) , send(寄给), write(写给), show(出示) , return(还给), bring(带给), pass(递给), leave(留给), offer(提供), hand(交给) 间接宾语前加介词for的动词有： buy(买), choose(选择), get (弄到), make(做), order(订购), sing (唱歌), do (做), play(演奏),基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出补充说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,请观察下列句子：,1. They painted the door green. 2. The war made him a soldier. 3. I often find him at work. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. 6. I found my wallet stolen.,感官动词跟do/doing/ done做宾补: feel, hear, listen to, see, look at, watch, notice, find(1感2听4看1发现) I often heard her speak to herself. I saw the thief run away.,形容词做宾补的动词 find发现,认为, think, believe认为, color染色, paint涂色,漆, make / leave使,让, keep保持,使,让, wish祝愿, 希望, consider考虑, 认为 We found this question easy in fact. Color the picture green. He made his meaning clear Dont leave the door open when you arent at home. You must keep your room clean.,a， b， c， d， e， ,1. Please tell us a story._ 2. She smiled._ 3. His job is to train swimmers._ 4. I have a lot work to do._ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._ 6. I finished my homework._,d,a,e,b,e,c,1.They work hard. 主 + 谓 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Plants need water. 主 + 谓 + 宾 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 6.Many animals live in the forest. 主 + 谓,7. The cake tastes delicious. 主 + 系 + 表 8. Classes begin at eight every day. 主 + 谓 9. They havent decided where to go next. 主 + 谓 + 宾 10. Jim cannot dress himself. 主 + 谓 + 宾 11. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year. 主 + 谓 +间宾 + 直宾 12. Shall I call you a taxi? 主 + 谓 +间宾 + 直宾,13. The sun keeps us warm. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 14.The potatoes went bad. 主 + 系 + 表 15. You must get your hair cut. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 16.She sat there alone, reading a novel. 主 + 谓 17. They made Tom monitor. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 18. I heard him singing. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）或从句。我们称之为：定语、状语,一、 定语：,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的 词、短语或句子，译为的,观察下列句子中定语的用法： Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today. The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy who you will know is Tom.,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。 复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后； 不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在 被修饰的成分后； 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,二、状语：,状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。,1.The boy needs a pen very much. 2.On Sundays, there is no student in school. 3. The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 4. He sits there, asking for a pen. 5. Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. 6. Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.,此句型是由“there+be+主语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be ,巩固练习 （一） 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast., With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,划分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve got to school. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,1.You will tell （your） friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind and the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,主语,谓语,间宾,定语,直接宾语,原因状语,主语,谓语,宾语,
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