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Drama,熊梦蕴,Drama,Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning “action“ which is derived from “to do“. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes(预先假定) collaborative（合作的） modes of production and a collective form of reception.,The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception,History of Western drama,Classical Athenian drama,Western drama originates in classical Greece. The theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧, 萨堤罗斯滑稽剧). Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating the god Dionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力和丰饶之神） .,Satyr play,Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of tragicomedy, similar in spirit to burlesque(讽刺作品). They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality, pranks, sight gags, and general merriment. Satyric drama was one of the three varieties of Athenian drama, the other two being tragedy and comedy. It can be traced back to Pratinas of Phlius, circa 500 BC.,Papposilenus playing the crotals, theatrical type of the satyr play,Roman drama,Following the expansion of the Roman Republic (50927 BCE) into Greek between 270240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. From the later years of the republic and the Roman Empire (27 BCE-476 CE), theatre spread west across Europe, around the Mediterranean and reached England; Roman theatre was more varied, extensive and sophisticated than that of any culture before it.,While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, the year 240 BCE marks the beginning of regular Roman drama.,The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE.,Medieval,In the Middle Ages, drama in the vernacular(本地语言) languages of Europe may have emerged from religious enactments of the liturgy(礼拜仪式). Mystery plays were presented on the porch of the cathedrals or by strolling players on feast days.,Elizabethan and Jacobean,One of the great flowerings of drama in England occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of these plays were written in verse, particularly iambic pentameter(抑扬格五步音).,In addition to Shakespeare, such authors as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton were prominent playwrights during this period.,As in the medieval period, historical plays celebrated the lives of past kings, enhancing the image of the Tudor monarchy. Authors of this period drew some of their storylines from Greek mythology and Roman mythology or from the plays of eminent Roman playwrights .,Modern and postmodern,The pivotal and innovative contributions of the 19th-century Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen and the 20th-century German theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht dominate modern drama; each inspired a tradition of imitators, which include many of the greatest playwrights of the modern era.,Dramatic structure,Dramatic structure is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film. Many scholars have analyzed dramatic structure, beginning with Aristotle in his Poetics.,Exposition or Introduction,The exposition provides the background information needed to properly understand the story, such as the problem in the beginning of the story.,Rising action,The basic internal conflict is complicated by the introduction of related secondary conflicts, including various obstacles that frustrate the protagonists attempt to reach his goal.,Climax,The third act is the climax, or turning point, which marks a change, for the better or the worse, in the protagonists affairs. If the story is a comedy, things will have gone badly for the protagonists firstly; and then things will begin to go well for them. If the story is a tragedy, things wil go from good to bad for the protagonists. Simply put, this is where the most dramatic part.,Falling action,Summary: The falling action is that part of the story in which the main part has finished and youre heading to the conclusion.,Dnouement,The dnouement serves as the conclusion of the story. The comedy ends with a dnouement in which the protagonist is better off than at the storys outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe in which the protagonist is worse off than at the beginning of the narrative. More modern works may have no dnouement, because of a quick or surprise ending.,Classification of drama,The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic （通称）division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses（缪斯，司文艺、音乐、美术的女神）, Thalia（赛利尔，喜剧的女神） and Melpomene（黑尔波墨涅，司悲剧之缪斯）. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face).,Tragedy,Tragedy is a form of art based on human suffering that offers its audience pleasure. Tragedy refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilisation. the masterpieces of the art of drama,The masterpieces of Tragedies: The classical Athenian tragedies:,Aeschylus （埃斯库罗斯） : The Persians波斯人 Seven against Thebes七将攻拜忒 The Suppliants 乞援者 The Oresteia 俄瑞斯忒亚 Agamemnon阿迦门农 The Libation Bearers奠酒人 The Eumenides复仇女神 Prometheus Bound普罗米修斯,Sophocles （索福克里斯） ： Oedipus the King,俄狄浦斯王 Antigone安提戈涅,Euripides （欧里庇底斯） ： medea美狄亚 The Trojan Women特洛伊妇女,The early modern tragedies : In the English language, the most famous and most successful tragedies are those of William Shakespeare and his Elizabethan contemporaries. Shakespeares tragedies include:,Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克莉奥佩克拉 Coriolanus科里奥兰纳斯 Hamlet哈姆雷特 Julius Caesar朱利叶斯凯撒 King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 Othello奥赛罗 Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶 Timon of Athens雅典的泰门 Titus Andronicus泰特斯安特洛尼克斯,The modern tragedies:,Christopher Marlowe: The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus Tamburlaine,John Webster : The Duchess of Malfi The White Devil,Comedy,Comedy as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse or work generally intended to amuse by creating laughter.,Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬): Comedy started from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a comic playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies ,such asThe Frogs , 11 of which survive and are still being performed.,Comedies usually also have elements of the supernatural , typically magic and, for the Ancient Greeks, the gods. Comedy includes the unrealistic in order to portray the realistic. For the Greeks, all comedies ended happily which is opposite of tragedy, which ends sadly.,Shakespearean and Elizabethan comedy Comedy, in its Elizabethan usage, had a very different meaning from modern comedy. A Shakespearean comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeares other plays. The masterpieces of Shakespearean comedies:,The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦 Twelfth Night 第十二夜 The Winters Tale 冬天的故事 The Tempest 暴风雨,Thank You！,
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