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第五讲 篇章结构题,专题二 阅读理解,考试大纲明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的 结构。把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章的主题。篇章结构题属于较高层次的考查，重在考查对整个文章内在逻辑关系的理解，对文章结构的清晰认识及对文中举例的目的等，看考生对整篇文章的整体理解如何。因此，把握全篇的文 脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系对理解文章的基本结 构会有很大帮助。,1按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构 文章的体裁有记叙文、说明文和议论文等，不同体裁的文章的组织方法是不同的。文章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。主要设题形式： Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized? Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?,(2015高考北京卷，阅读理解D，节选) Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life，mostly for the better.However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes. An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.,However，greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children. In the context (背景) of this discussion，it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their collegeage children frequently，would this have been possible？Probably not.On the other hand，does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago？,Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier. Furthermore，studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new；nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad；it is a fact of college life，today and in the past.,Thanks to the advanced technology，we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.,70Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?_,I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Subpoint(次要点) C：Conclusion,B,【解析】 文章结构题。文章第一段是introduction，介绍了“新科技带来的一些改变常被误认为是态度的改变”的现 象。第二段提出了第一个论点“父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象通常被误认为是在试图安排孩子的生活”。第三段提出了第二个论点 “父母更多的参与不一定表明父母对子女不放手”。第四段针对第二个论点提出了分论点一“是科技的进步导致了父母对子女生活更多地参与”。第五段针对第二个论点提出了分论点二(关键词Furthermore)“是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与”。最后一段得出结 论“多亏了高科技，我们能更好地交流，父母与孩子更多的沟通交流并不是想庇护孩子”。,方法点津 在解答此类试题时，考生应做到：一读，就是通读全文；二 想，就是想一想每个自然段的主要内容；三归，就是把一些 内容相同或关系密切的自然段并在一起，成为一个大段；四 查，就是再把各段段意连起来，看是否能构成一个连贯的整 体；五选，就是选出符合文章结构的正确答案。因此考生在 阅读文章时要发挥自己的逻辑思维能力，把握作者的写作思 路，这样才能准确答题。此类试题从段落组织方式上看有三 种类型：总分总；总分；分总。,2按写作方法理解文章的结构 作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章，如：(1)时间顺序，按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究由过去至现在 的发展情况。(2)空间顺序，按照事物的空间结构顺序(从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等)进行描写或说明。(3)举例论证，用所列举的事物来论证观点，通常列举一些数据、事例 等。(4)对比或类比，通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异 为主。主要设题形式：,The passage is mainly developed by_ The second paragraph is developed by_ The author develops the passage mainly by_ How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2?,(2015高考重庆卷，阅读理解D，节选) There are many places to go on safari (观赏野生动物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys. Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.,The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.,In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life. Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.,51The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by _ Afollowing space order Bfollowing time order Cmaking classifications Dgiving examples 【解析】 篇章结构题。A项意为“按空间顺序”，B项意为“按时间顺序”，C项意为“归类”，D项意为“举例”。根据文中出现的The morning ride，In the evening，at this time of day和Looking back on your day可知，文章是按时间顺序进行描写的，所以选B项。,B,方法点津 从论证方法上看，篇章结构题一般考查全文是用什么方式展 开论述或组织起来的，或者是某一段在全文所起的作用。常 见的论述方式包括按照事情发展的顺序，按照时间的先后顺 序，按照人物的活动内容，按照地点和空间的位置变换，通过讨论、比较和描述等。段落在全文所起的作用一般有引出 话题、举例子和下定义等。不管是哪种形式的篇章结构题， 都需要对文章深刻理解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是段与段之 间的逻辑关系，从而正确解决问题。,
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