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第二讲 主旨大意题,专题二 阅读理解,主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以将此类题设为高考试题具有很好的选拔作用。也可以说，此类题属于能力型题目。 常见的命题方式有：1.What is the best title for this passage? 2Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 3Whats the main idea of the text? 4The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that _,1标题归纳类主旨大意题 考生在做标题归纳类试题时要注意标题的三个特性，即醒目 性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段 的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。,(2015高考全国卷，阅读理解B，节选)Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less selfconscious (难为情) when theyre in poorly lit placesand so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesnt have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.,Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint，go blue. Dont forget the clockor the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while youre at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.,Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. 8What can be a suitable title for the text?_ AIs Your House Making You Fat? BWays of Serving Dinner CEffects of SelfConsciousness DIs Your Home Environment Relaxing?,A,【解析】 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了墙壁的颜色、房间的亮度、吃饭的速度以及吃饭时使用的器皿大小等都与一个人的身材有关。因此A项“你的房子正让你发胖吗？”最适合做文章标题。B项“提供正餐的方式”，C项 “自我意识的作用”，D项“你家的环境令人放松吗？”，均与本文的主题不符。,方法点津 领悟主旨要义 避免以偏概全 标题归纳类主旨大意题考查考生对文章的领悟和概括能力。所选文章题目必须能概括全文的中心内容，即标题涵盖性 强，能覆盖全文；标题要体现主题，既不能“太大”，也不 能过于片面，即标题所指的范围要恰当；标题准确性要强，表意准确，与文章的感情色彩相同。总之，考生应认真揣摩作者的写作意图，弄清文章的篇章结构，避免以下三种错 误：概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体)；过度概括(多表现 为人为扩大范围)；以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意。,2文章大意类主旨大意题 一篇文章总是有中心思想的，获取文章中心思想的方法就是找主题句。主题句通常在首段或结尾段，但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因此，在阅读时要对文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句给予特别的关注。,(2015高考重庆卷，阅读理解A，节选)At thirteen，I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.”,I tried，but I didnt finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldnt get much education.But Louis didnt give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasnt I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up?,I didnt expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next daywith an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” 39What is the main idea of the passage?_ AThe disabled should be treated with respect. BA teacher can open up a new world to students. COne can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. DEveryone needs a hand when faced with challenges.,C,【解析】主旨大意题。作者是一个有注意力障碍症的学生，因为上课不能集中精力而不得不把作业拿回家去做，在安静的环境下终于完成了。阅读材料的内容也给了他很大的启 发，说明只要不懈努力就一定能战胜困难取得成功。文章强调的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是对残障人士的尊重、老师对学生的作用或困境中的帮助，故A、B、D三项均有偏差，应选C项。,方法点津 确定选项内容是否切合文章的中心论题，也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的主旨大意，切莫本末倒置、主次不分,避免以点带面、以偏概全，这样才能排除干扰，选出正确选项。,3段落大意类主旨大意题 每个段落通常都有一个中心，通常中心思想会在本段首句体现出来，即常说的段落主题句。一般来说，采用归纳法的段 落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首，则文章多为说明文和议论文。主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。,(2014高考山东卷，阅读理解D，节选)Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father.He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth.They said “yes，” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry.He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed. 59What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? _ AHow Serval found out his kids lied to him. BWhy Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary. CHow Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth. DWhat inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.,D,【解析】 段落大意题。第五段讲述了作者从自己的孩子刷牙中所发现的问题中得到了发明这款牙刷的灵感。第一句话可以作为中心句。inspire在本句中意为“使有灵感”。,方法点津 如何找准主题句 找准主题句是确定文章主旨大意的主要方法。主题句在文中的位置： 开门见山：提出主题细节支撑阐明主题； 段末点睛：细节描述归纳要点概括主题； 段中点旨：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。 在阅读非故事性文章如科普说明文时，主题句尤其明显。 有的文章的主题句不明显，隐含在段落之中，考生要注意 辨别。,
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