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第三讲 推理判断题,专题二 阅读理解,推理判断题属于高层次的阅读理解题,解答此类试题要从整体上把握语篇内容,在理解语篇的表面意义与隐含意义的基础上进行深层推理,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”。 具体来说，针对不同的推理判断题，寻找线索时要使用不同的方法。比如，推断观点态度时，应特别注意文中作者的措 辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词；推断写作目的时，必须 要先了解文章的主题，然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重 点和材料的安排；推断文章出处时，要抓住各段的段落大意和文章的中心思想；推断人物性格时，一定要注意准确把握 文章字里行间的意思，特别要注意表达主观态度和个人观点的词语。,推理判断题常见的命题形式： 1It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that _ 2The author strongly suggests that _ 3This passage would most likely be found in _ 4What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? 5What is the writers attitude towards .? 6Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the.paragraph?,1细节推断题 细节推断题要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，就可作出准确的推断。,(2015高考天津卷，阅读理解D，节选)Boldnessa willingness to extend yourself to the extremeis not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely，there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.,54What can be learned from Paragraph 5?_ AConfidence grows more rapidly in adults. BTrying without success is meaningless. CRepeated failure creates a better life. DBoldness can be gained little by little. 【解析】 推理判断题。第五段首句提到勇敢大胆并不是一夜之间就能形成的素质，所以D项所述“勇敢大胆可以被逐 步获得”符合题干要求。文中没有提到成年人培养自信心会 更快，故A项错误；根据第五段末句可以得知，努力了但是 失败了的人要比没有付出努力却成功的人更强大，故B项错 误；C项“反复失败能创造更加美好的生活”为错误观点。,D,方法点津 避免只见局部，不见整体 对于细节推断类试题来说，考生要依据文章中的客观信息或内在的逻辑关系进行合乎逻辑的推理、判断、引申和概括,从而得出合理的结论。要做到判断有据,推论有理,忠实原文。切忌片面思考，只见局部，不见整体，得出片面结论。,2文章来源或读者对象推断题 推测文章的来源或者推测读者对象要求考生本身要具备一定的常识,这样才能把文章的内容与自己已经具备的常识结合起来作出准确推断。比如考生要对报纸、杂志、网络、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。,Lakelander 2 hours ago Today，a man talked very loud on his phone on a train between Malvern and Reading，making many passengers upset.I wonder how he would react if I were to read my newspaper out loud on the train.I have never had the courage to do it，though.,Pak50 57 minutes ago Why not give it a try？Perhaps you should take lessons on a musical instrument.The late musician Dennis Brain is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio.When his request was refused，he took out his French horn (号) and started to practise.,Angie OEdema 42 minutes ago I dont see how musical instruments can help improve manners in public.Dont do to others what you wouldnt like to be done to yourself.Once，a passenger next to me talked out loud on his mobile phone.I left my seat quietly，giving him some privacy to finish his conversation.He realised this and apologised to me.When his phone rang again later，he left his seat to answer it.You see，a bit of respect and cooperation can do the job better.,Taodas 29 minutes ago I did read my newspaper out loud on a train，and it turned out well.The guy took it in good part，and we chatted happily all the way to Edinburgh.,Sophie76 13 minutes ago I have not tried reading my newspaper out loud on a train，but，several years ago，I read some chapters from Harry Potter to my bored and noisy children.Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did.,47Where is the passage most probably taken from?_ AA webpage. BA newspaper. CA novel. DA report. 【解析】 推理判断题。从全文的风格，尤其是每个帖子中的时间提示部分，可以看出本文最有可能摘自网页。,A,方法点津 如何解答文章来源类试题 对于推断文章来源类试题，考生首先要弄清楚文章的中心话题是什么，文章中讨论的是哪些方面的问题。在解答此类试题时要注意：1.先通读文章，判断文章的中心话题；2.再仔细研读试题，把文章的中心话题归纳到话题范围之内，然后使用排除法，这样问题就很容易解决了。,3写作意图推断题 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。,(2015高考福建卷，阅读理解D，节选)Life can be so wonderful，full of adventure and joy.It can also be full of challenges，setbacks(挫折) and heartbreaks.Whatever our circumstances，we generally still have dreams，hopes and desiresthat little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones.Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem，because when we go to change the way we do things，up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱) that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.,This tension between what we feel we can have and what were seemingly able to have is the niggling(烦人的) suffering，the anxiety we feel.This is where we usually think its easier to just give up.But were never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more.The intelligence behind that knowing is usthe real us.Its the part that believes in life and its possibilities.If you drop that，you begin to feel a little“dead” inside because youre dropping “you” So，if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck，how do we break these patterns?,Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.This is good advice for a new adventure or just getting through todays challenges. While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mindor the minds of those close to ususually says we cant.That isnt a reason to stop，its just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.Its all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and youll be on your way.,71What does the author intend to tell us?_ AIts easier than we think to get what we want. BIts important to learn to accept sufferings in life. CIts impractical to change our way of thinking. DIts harder than we expect to follow a new course. 【解析】 写作意图题。作者在文中一直建议我们要打破思想束缚，不要因盲目听从与我们关系亲密的人的意见而轻易放弃自己的理想。只要我们觉得时机成熟就要果断地采取行 动，这样我们才能迎接挑战，得到我们想要的。,A,方法点津 如何解答写作意图推断题 在此类推理判断试题中，由于有一些干扰项，试题会有一定的难度，这时考生一定要注意以下两点：1.要站在作者的角度去仔细思考推断，要善于揣摩作者的思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合，切忌加入自己主观片面的想法和想象；2.如果选项很相似难以判断时，切记文章中出现过的句子通常不可能是答案。,4态度倾向推断和评述性推断题 态度倾向推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。态度倾向推断题的选项一般含有以下三类词：(1)中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)等;(2)褒义词：positive(积极的)，disinterested(无私的), supportive(支持的)，enthusiastic(热情的),admiring(赞赏的), humorous(滑稽有趣的)等；(3)贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，impassive(无动于衷的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)，negative(否定的,消极的),disappointed(失望的)等。,(2015高考全国卷，阅读理解B，节选)The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota，Florida，my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine.”I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C (维生素C)，thinking of beaches and orange trees.When we touched down to blue skies and warm air，I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools，wine tasting，and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours，not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend，but the best partparticularly to my taste，dulled by months of coldweather root,vegetableswas a 7 am.adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wakeup call. . Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight，my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty，a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton，whereluckily for meI was planning to have dinner that very night.Without even seeing the menu，I knew Id be ordering every tomato on it.,24.What did the author think of her winter life in New York? _ AExciting. BBoring. CRelaxing. DAnnoying. 【解析】 推理判断题。由第一段中的The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter和dulled by months of coldweather root vegetables可知，作者厌倦了纽约的冬天，因为那里根本没有乐趣，同时也厌倦了冬天的根茎蔬菜，所以可以推断出作者认为纽约的冬天是令人厌烦、枯燥和单调的。故选B项。A项exciting,B,“令人兴奋的”,显然与作者真实的感受相反;C项relaxing “令人放松的”，文中体现不出作者明显的放松情绪；annoying“令人恼怒的”，作者只是感觉“枯燥、单调”，并非“恼怒”。,方法点津 如何解答作者态度推断题 作者的情感态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词语之中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。具体来说：1.正确把握文章字里行间的意思,切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点；2.要特别留意那些描写环境气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语；3.结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来推断。,5预测推断题 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，这就要求考生根据语篇对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行推理。做这类题时考生应准确把握作者的写作思路，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的推测。常见的命题形式有： What do you think will happen when/if.? At the end of this passage，the writer might continue to write_ Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the.paragraph?,Snow falls in the earths extreme North and South throughout the year.However，the heaviest snowfalls have been reported in the mountains of other areas during winter.Snow is even known to fall near the equator(赤道)，but only on the highest mountains. Much of the water the world uses comes from snow.Melting snow provides water for rivers，electric power stations and agricultural crops.In the Western United States，mountain snow provides up to seventyfive percent of all surface water supplies.,Snowfalls help to protect plants and some wild animals from snow weather.Fresh snow is made largely of air trapped among the snow crystals(晶体)Because the air has trouble moving，the movement of heat is limited.Snow also influences the movement of sound waves.The surface of the snow takes in，or absorbs，sound waves.As snow grows older or if there have been strong winds，it can be hard and flat.Then，the snows surface will help to send back sound waves. Snow may be beautiful，but it can be deadly.It is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of people.Many people die in traffic accidents on roads covered with snow and ice or from being seriously stuck in the snow storm.Others die from heart attacks caused by too much physical activity out in the cold.,People may not be able to avoid living in areas where it snows often.However，they can avoid being victims of snowstorms.People should stop driving and stay at home until the storm has passed.People living in these areas should carry emergency supplies in their vehicles.These include food，emergency medical supplies，and extra clothing to stay warm. What will the text probably tell us following the last paragraph?_ AHow to drive during snowstorms. BWhere we can get emergency supplies. CHow to prevent heart attacks out in cold. DWhy we should stay warm in winter.,C,【解析】 推理判断题。本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了降雪的利与弊以及如何避免这些弊端。倒数第二段讲了降雪的两大危害，最后一段讲了如何避免其中的一种危害，接下来应该讲如何避免另一种危害，即在寒冷的户外如何预防心脏病发作。故选C。,方法点津 对于想象推断类的试题，由于有些内容文章中没有明确说明,所以考生就要根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容进行推测。做这类题时考生应把握好作者的写作思 路，从而作出科学的、合情合理的预测。,
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