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介词和介词短语,知识梳理,介词无法在句中独立担当成分,其后一般接名词、代词或动词-ing形式,还可接不定式(如:except, but)或that引导的从句作宾语,构成介词短语,有时还可接另外一个介词短语(如:from among the trees)。,一、介词的分类 1. 从结构上分,可分为:简单介词(如:at, in, on, for, over, up)、合成介词(如:inside, outside, within, without)、以-ing结尾的介词(如:concerning, including, excluding, following)和短语介词(如:according to, because of, apart from, in case of)。,2. 从含义上分,可分为表示时间(如:at, in, on, before, between)、地点(如:at, in, on, under, behind)、趋向(如:to / towards, across, off, up)、原因(如:for, with, due to)、让步(如:despite, in spite of)和条件(如:in case of, without, but for)等的介词。,1 核心介词用法解析 1)表示“时间”的介词 (1) at,on,in at:用在钟点、黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜、节日等时间名词前或表示一段时间的开头或结尾。 at 12:00,at noon,at night,at midnight, at dawn,at daybreak,at sunrise,at the weekend,at Christmas,必备清单,on:用在具体的某一天、星期几及某一天的上午、下午、晚上等的时间名词前,即on表示具体的时间。 on October 1st,on a rainy day,on National Day,on the morning of January 3rd,on the afternoon of his arrival,in:用在某年、月、季节、上午、下午、晚上等的时间名词以及较长的时间如世纪、朝代之前。 in the Tang Dynasty,in September,in the morning/afternoon/evening 注意: 当时间名词前有this,that,last,next, some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介 词。,(2) for,during,through for: 指某个动作或状态持续了多少时间。 during:指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次,或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过,起止时间比较明显。 through:在期间;从开头到结尾(最后那天包括在内,此时与throughout相同),翻译: 他在上海两天了。 He has been in Shanghai for two days. 夏季他每天都游泳。 He swims every day during the summer. 单选填空。 _ all the animals Ive ever had, these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word. (浙江2012) A. From B. Of C. For D. With,B,(3) from,since from: 只用作介词,表示某动作或情况自某时开始,不表示什么时候结束。 since:既可用作介词,也可用作连词,常表示某动作或情况自某时开始,一直持续到说话时刻。,(4) before,by,until,till before:早于;在之前 by: 表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”。 表示“在期间,在时间内”。 until:是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和持续性动词连用,表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间为止;在否定句中和瞬间性动词连用,表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。 till:意义与until相同。,(5)after,in,within after:后接时间段表示过去“一段时间之后”,与一般过去时态连用;后接时间点表示“某一时刻之后”,与将来时态连用。 in: 后接时间段表示“在何时”或将来“一段时间之后”,与将来时态连用。 within:指“在之内”,强调事情发生的全过程不超过某一段时间。,2) 表示“动向,位置”的介词,(1) on,above,over和 below,under,beneath on,above,over皆可表示“在之上”。 区别是on表示与表面接触的上方; above表示“在上方,高于”,但不垂直,表面不接触; over表示正上方,强调“垂直在之上”,如果over指上下接触,则含有部分或全部覆盖之意,还可表示动作在某物体的上方进行,意为“越过,通过”。, below,under,beneath皆可表示“在之下”。 below表示不垂直并与表面不接触的下方; under表示垂直并与表面不接触的下方;beneath表示在某物之下,可以表示垂直或不垂直,也可以表示上下接触的意思。,(2) in front of,in the front of 两个介词短语皆有“在前面”的意思,区别是: in front of通常相对于某物体的外部来说,指某人或某物位于该物前面,意为“在前面”; in the front of通常相对于空间而言,指某人或某物位于某个空间的内部,意为“在的前部”。,(3) near,beside,by beside和near都有“靠近”的意思, beside强调“在旁边(at the side of)”,指两者的位置关系,多用于人; near意为“在附近(at a short distance from)”,表示两者之间的距离,多用于场所,另外near还可表示时间或程度等。 by表示“在旁边”时含有“倚,凭,靠,沿着”等意。,(4) about,round,around 表示“在周围”时, about指的是“靠近周围”,不表示“把团团围住”, 而round和around指“完全的、封闭的周围”, round既可表示静态位置,也可表示动态的动作, around通常表示静态的位置。,(5) along,across,through,by along意为“沿着”,和动态动词连用,也可以和静态动词连用,表示“在空间的某一点上,在某一段空间里”。 across的含义与on有关,表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的,指从一端到另一端或成十字交叉穿过。 across可以表示“在对面或另一边”,相当于opposite。,through的含义与in有关,表示动作从物体中间穿过,这个动作是在三维空间进行的。 by表示从某物或某人的旁边经过。,3) 表示“原因,理由”的介词 常见的有for,because of,owing to,due to,on account of,thanks to,out of等。 for:多与表示感情的抽象名词或动词及 reason,famous等词连用。 because of:意为“由于,因为”,强调因果 关系,在句中仅作状语,修饰 句中的一部分,与其他成分不 用逗号隔开。,owing to: 与because of一样,也强调因果关系,除作状语外,也可作表语。作状语修饰整个句子,可放在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。 due to:引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表 语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时 与owing to同义,作状语时,一般 不用逗号与其他成分隔开。,on account of:与because of,owing to同 义,但语气较为正式。可 作状语、表语,但不作定语。 thanks to:只能用作状语,可以表示正面的意思“幸亏”,也可以用在讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。 out of:意为“因为,出于,由于”,后面常 接抽象名词。,4) 表示“支持,反对”的介词 against:意为“反对”,指在观点或主张方面与某人采取对立的态度。 for: 指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一致的态度,意思是“支持,赞成”,与in favor of 同义。 注意: against还有“倚着,靠着”的意思。 e.g. His bed is against the wall. 他的床靠墙放着。,5) 表示“除之外”的介词 except: 指从所提到的人或事物中除去,即从整体中除去一部分。 but: 与except意义相同,但其语气较 except弱,常与不定代词和疑问代词 连用。,注意: 当except位于句首时,后面往往加上for。 Except for this,everything is in good order. Everything is in good order except this. 除此之外,一切状况良好。,except for:意为“除之外”,它的含义是 肯定句子主体,排除局部。 besides:意为“除之外(还有)”。 注意: besides还可用作副词,意为“而且;还有”。 e.g. I dont want to go; besides, I am too tired. 我不想去了,再说我也太累了。,other than:意为“除之外”,后可接名词、代词、动名词和动词原形,并且可以与but,except互换;但当except后接副词、介词短语和when从句等时,but/other than不可替换except。 apart from:既可以表示besides,又可以表示except或者except for,还可以表示without的意思。,注意: 用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。 No other students passed the difficult math exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. 除林涛和吴东外,其他的学生都没有通过那次很难的数学考试。,考点归纳,介词和介词短语也是高考的一个必考点,每年都保持在一至两个题目,命题形式除了单项填空外还在完形填空、语法填空、短文改错中进行考查,其考点主要涉及常用介词的用法区别,介词与动词、名词、形容词等的常见搭配,介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。掌握介词必须要立足基本用法,广泛记忆,细心体会比较。,一、考查介词的基本用法 常考介词有:about, across, against, without, among, at, by, beyond, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, through, to, with等。 【考例】 A serious study of physics is impossible _ some knowledge of mathematics. A. against B. before C. beyond D. without,D,二、介词与其它词的习惯搭配 【考例】Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library _ a book about it. A. on B. at C. for D. to,C,三、介词短语辨析 【考例】Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess, as her children are always _ whenever she tries to. A. in the way B. on watch C. in sight D. on the line,A,对介词和介词短语辨析的考查依然是考试的重点。,用适当的介词填空。 Nick, its good for you to read some books _ China before you start your trip there. Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy _ the past couple of weeks. Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you _ the tough years.,on,over,through, With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken _ color. Shirley, a real book lover, often brings home many books to read _ the library.,in,from,介词的固定搭配 1. 介词短语: on average 平均 in favor of支持 with regard to 关于 rather than而不是 in case of 如果, 假使 in detail详细地 in vain 徒劳地 on purpose故意地 in turn 依次 in general一般来说 on the contrary 相反 in advance提前,apart from 除之外 in addition to 除之外 instead of 代替 in need 急需, 在危难中 in spite of 不管, 不顾 regardless of 不管, 不顾 in charge of 负责, 主管 in exchange of 作为交换 in return for 作为回报,out of sight 在视野之外 out of question 不成问题 out of order 出故障, 混乱 other than 除了, 不同于 beyond description 难以描述地 by means of 依靠, 借助于 in terms of 就而言 in honor of 为了纪念, 向表示敬意 for the benefit of 为了利益 by accident/by chance 偶然, 意外地,2. 介词在动词短语中的固定搭配用法: lead to 导致 feel like 想要 go against 违背 call for 需要, 要求agree with 同意, 赞同 care about关心, 介意 apply to 适用于 contribute to 贡献, 有助于, 促成 appeal to 呼吁, 上诉, 对感兴趣 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 convince sb. of sth. 使某人确信某事,3. 介词与形容词形成的固定搭配用法: be crazy about 着迷于, 热衷于 be absorbed in 全神贯注于 be popular with 受欢迎 be enthusiastic about 热衷于 be afraid of 对感到害怕的 be proud of 对感到自豪的 be particular about 对挑剔的 be bored with 对感到厌倦的 be strict with 对要求严格的,用恰当的介词短语填空。 Brown said he was by no means annoyed; _, he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood. 布朗说他决不生气; 相反, 他很高兴能使别人清楚地了解他自己。 The form cannot be signed by anyone _ yourself. 这个表格除了你自己外其他人都不能签名。,on the contrary,other than,从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入 空白处的最佳选项。 Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _ half an hour. A. by B. in C. for D. until 2. People wont pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _ expression. A. from B. over C. with D. for,B,D,3. It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life _ his great wealth. A. without B. despite C. in D. to 4. Check carrots, potatoes, onions and any other vegetables _ and immediately use or throw away any which show signs of rotting. A. in demand B. in store C. on loan D. on sale,B,B,5. Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. _, it could just put you in debt. A. In other words B. All in all C. As a result D. On the other hand,D,1. Its said that our library will be closed for repairs _ next month. A. to B. until C. for D. at 2. Tired, the man was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree. A. in B. under C. against D. beside,B,C,3. What can I do for you, Jessie? Sorry, I was considering if you could say your plan _ detail again. A. on B. by C. for D. in 4. I want to thank those who have helped me _ my school years. A. on B. by C. through D. with,D,C,5. I have offered to do household tasks in exchange _ a weeks vacation to Tibet. A. for B. of C. about D. from 6. The harm that wars do _ humans is beyond words. A. for B. on C. in D. to,A,D,in exchange for(交换)是固定表达。,do harm to .(对有害)是固定表达。,
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