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专项十 定语从句,一、定语从句中which的考查 which既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，高考中的考查重点是which在非限制性定语从句中的应用。which引导非限制性定语从句时，常代指整个主句。,Part,规律印证 考 点 落 实 ， 步 步 为 “ 赢 ”,边 做 边 悟,(2013天津卷)报纸新闻报道说，我们又发射了一颗人造卫星。 We have launched another manmade satellite, _ in todays newspaper. (2013安徽卷) 莫言获得了2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使得中国人民很久以来的一个梦想得以实现。 Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _ one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true. 答案 which is announced which made,二、定语从句中where的考查 where引导定语从句时，在从句中作状语，主要有以下两种情况： (1)表示具体的地点 史蒂芬霍金认为，地球可能不是唯一有生命进化的行星。 Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually. (2013新课标全国卷)当我到达时，布莱恩带我去看了我即将居住的房子。 When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house _.,(2)表示模糊的地点和抽象意义的地点(常见的先行词有race, job, activity, case, situation, point, position, stage, degree等) (2013江西卷) 他写了一封信，在信中他解释了在那起事故中发生了什么。 He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 They have reached the point _ they have to separate with each other. 答案 where where I would be staying where where,三、定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。 注意：先行词是地点名词时，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词时，关系词不一定用when；先行词是reason时，关系词不一定用why。试比较：,This is the factory where I worked last year. This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year. I will never forget the day when I worked with them. I will never forget the day (that/which) I spent with them. This is the reason why he was absent from school. This is the reason (that/which) he explained for his absence from school. 以上例句中visit，spend和explain为及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导。,(2013四川卷) 现在人们更加关心他们所居住的环境。 Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live. 答案 where 句意：分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为environment，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where。 那天晚上，我工作到很晚，我以后会告诉你更多相关的情况。 That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. 答案 which,四、定语从句中as与which的选择 (1)as引导的非限制性定语从句放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可，表示众所周知或意料之中的事；而which引导的非限制性定语从句则只能放在主句之后。 (2)当非限制性定语从句的谓语为be announced, be expected, be known, be reported, be said, be shown等被动式谓语时，常用as引导。 (3)as表示整个主句内容时，有时含有“正如；正像”等意思，而 which 无此意。,(4)在下列固定结构中，关系代词as代表整个主句所述的内容，一般不用which。例如： as we know 众所周知 as has been said before 如前所述 as is often the case 情况常常如此 试比较： Li Ming was late for school again, which made Mr.Zhang very angry. You know, as we expected, Li Ming was late for school again. As is known to all, China is in the east of Asia.,(2013山东卷)There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science. 答案 as 分析句子结构可知，该题为非限制性定语从句，所填词在从句中作主语。 Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _ , of course, made all the others upset. 答案 which which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句部分的内容。,五、定语从句中who, whom与whose的选择 who在引导的定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语，其中who也可以代替whom作宾语，但who不能位于介词后；who与whom只能指人，whose既可指人又可指物。 试比较： He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam. Do you know the man who(m) Mr.Black talked with just now? Do you know the man with whom Mr.Black talked just now? We live in the room, whose window faces the south.,(2013湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 答案 who 句意：幸福和成功往往降临到那些善于意识到自己优点的人的身上。先行词是those，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who引导定语从句。 (天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far. 答案 whose 句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。,(浙江高考)Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _ , for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 答案 who 分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，定语从句的先行词是a painter，关系词在定语从句中作主语，应该用关系代词who。,六、“介词定语从句”中介词的选择及其后关系词的选择 1介词后的关系代词主要有which和whom。 2在“介词定语从句”中，介词的选择常常依据下面三点 (1)根据语境选介词 (2)根据谓语部分的搭配选介词 (3)根据先行词选介词 In the dark street，there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. 在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。(to与从句谓语动词构成搭配turn to“求助于”),Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price _ was very reasonable. 最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 (江西高考) 她带着游客参观这座博物馆花了三年多才建成的建筑。 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had taken more than three years. 答案 to whom of which of which,1关系代词的误用及漏用 (1)【误】 Ive read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 Ive read all the books that you lent me. 解析 定语从句的先行词被 all，some，any，no ，few 等修饰时，关系代词用 that 。 (2)【误】 The student is standing there is our monitor. 【正】 The student (who/that is)standing there is our monitor. 解析 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可理解为现在分词作后置定语。,考 点 警 示,(3)【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 解析 用 which 引导非限制性定语从句，而不用 that 引导。 (4)【误】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south. 解析 “介词 关系代词”中的关系代词用 which 不用 that 。,(5)【误】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 解析 “介词whom”引导定语从句。介词后不接 who。,2定语从句主谓不一致 【误】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. 【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. 解析 在 one of.结构中，先行词为 of 后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数形式。先行词是“the only / very one of 复数名词”时，从句谓语用单数形式。,3关系词与被替换词重复 【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 解析 which 在从句中作宾语，it 多余。 4介词的误用 【误】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 解析 介词的选用既要考虑先行词，又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯。此处 pay.for sth为固定短语，意为“花钱买”。,5from where 与from which 混用 【误】 They stood on the top of the building，from which they could see the whole city. 【正】 They stood on the top of the building，from where they could see the whole city. 解析 from where from the top of the building；from which from the building，显然前者比较合适。,6忽视倒装结构 【误】 The fisherman lives in an old house，in front of which a well lies. 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house，in front of which lies a well. 解析 in front of.放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词 lie，stand 等，主语为名词，这时要采用倒装结构，把lie，stand 等放在作主语的名词前。,7限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用 (1)【误】 Charles Smith，that was my former teacher，retired last year. 【正】 Charles Smith，who was my former teacher，retired last year. 解析 在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用 who，whom 。 (2)【误】 This novel, I have read three times，is very touching. 【正】 This novel, which I have read three times，is very touching. 解析 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。,(3)【误】 I had told them the reason，why I didnt attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason，for which I didnt attend the meeting. 解析 that，why 通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。,(4)正如所通知的那样，我们下个月要举行期末考试。 【误】 It has been announced we shall have our final exams next month. 【误】 Which has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 As has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month. 解析 as has been announced 引导定语从句，放在句首，不能使用 which ；有时可与 It is/has been.that.转换。,(5)我看过金婚这部电视剧，它的男主角是张国立。 【误】 I have seen Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen Golden Anniversary，its leading actor Zhang Guoli. 解析 在定语从句中，whose 既可指人，也可指物，往往放在从句中的某一名词前作定语；该句也可改为独立主格形式。,1定语从句与同位语从句的比较 判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。 请判断： The notice that meeting had to be put off was true._ The notice that he read just now was true._,易 错 防 范,2定语从句与状语从句的比较 当涉及“地点”时，判断是定语从句还是状语从句的依据：看句中是否有先行词。 请判断： (2013北京卷) 许多国家现在正在建立国家公园，动植物可以在这里得到保护。 Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected._ 在毕业典礼上，一切东西都放在他想放的位置。 Everything was placed exactly where he wanted it for the graduation ceremony._ 答案 同位语从句 定语从句 定语从句 状语从句,3定语从句与强调句的区分 区分是定语从句还是强调句，看从句中是否缺少句子成分，如果去掉it is/was和that/who，结构仍完整，则为强调句，反之，则为定语从句。试比较： It was in the hospital that he came across a friend of his.(强调句) It was the hospital where he came across a friend of his.(定语从句),此外，高考时常将定语从句与省略、强调结合起来在具体语境中进行考查，所以，我们在解题时不能只考虑语法，还应注意实际交际功能。如： Where did you get to know her? It was on the farm where we worked.,
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