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专题二十二 阐述写作意图,-2-,考情概览 写作意图题或态度推断题包含两个方面的内容,一是推测作者的写作意图或者态度,二是对文中的具体内容作出推理和判断。考生需要透过文字内容体会作者的态度、观点和说话的语气,从而准确判断作者的写作意图。考生还要分清文章的体裁,如果是议论文,一定要找准作者的论点;如果是说明文,一定要找出作者说明的中心。此外,考生还要根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节、理解文章的寓意等。,-3-,1.推断写作意图 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意,而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳分析和总结的能力。 主要的设题方式有: What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? Whats the purpose of the text? For what purpose does the author mention.in Paragraph.? 常用的回答方式有: To tell/show/inform us that. To give us useful tips/advice on how to. To encourage/persuade/warn us to do.,-4-,2.推断观点和态度 观点态度推断题考查考生是否理解作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上,对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识别,关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写,对文章所交代的人物或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有: What does the author really mean by saying.? Why does the author mention.? Which is the result of.? What kind of attitude does the author have towards the question? What does.imply? What can we learn from the text?,-5-,解答这类题目时,考生首先要吃透文章的字面意思,从字里行间捕捉有用的线索,这是推理的前提和基础。其次,要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,由表及里,由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般,通过分析、判断等进行符合逻辑的推理。不能就事论事,断章取义,以偏概全。同时,要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知,推断未知。不能主观臆想,凭空想象,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。最重要的是,要把握句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系,了解语篇的结构。还要体会文章的基调,摸准逻辑发展的方向,悟出作者的弦外之音,揣摩出作者的态度。回答要紧扣题目,语言既要完整,又要简洁,不要超过规定词数。,-6-,【典例分析】 3According to Science Daily,a new study predicts that by the year 2100,many of todays familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in todays world.It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these far-reaching consequences for the whole world.The planet itself has been showing signs of change.In 2004,a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008,thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake.Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was destroyed in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake. What is the authors purpose in using the examples of earthquakes in Paragraph 3?(no more than 12 words) _,-7-,To show that major changes are taking place on the planet. 本题要求说出本段作者引用几起地震的例子的目的,需要根据上下文推测出作者的意图。纵观整个段落,本段中作者的主要观点是The planet itself has been showing signs of change.后面跟了一系列例子,都是为了证明作者的这个观点,所以使用这些例子的意图就比较明显了。,-8-,A,B,C,I always do voluntary work in the hospital.As a patient visitor,my primary goal is to deliver quality services to patients and families.By providing companionship for patients in a sometimes lonely environment,I try my best to serve and help to diminish the loneliness and frustration patients may feel after staying in a hospital for a stretch of time for weeks or even months.,-9-,A,B,C,Every Saturday afternoon for three to four hours,with a list of patients who have requested a patient visitor service,I head up to the 5th,6th,or 7th floor to first visit my priority patients.At the nurses station,I kindly ask the nurses or the medical staff about the condition of the patients on that unit and confirm that the patients would like a visitor.After receiving an update from the nurse,I gently knock on the door of the patients and enter with a friendly “hello”.Then,I introduce myself and again politely ask if they would like a patient visitor.I usually try to prepare a few starting conversation topics such as the current news,sports scores and fun facts.However,the patients usually engage me first in an interesting conversation.,-10-,A,B,C,When volunteering as a patient visitor,I spent a lot of time communicating one-on-one with patients.Individual patients had individual needs and possessed extraordinary personal stories.Therefore,I found every visit fascinating.From generous and kind patients,I have learned about their diseases and their course of treatment.Additionally,I learned about literature,life during the Great Depression and wilderness of Northern Minnesota.On the whole,not only did I learn about the hospital settings and system,but I learned about the diverse life of others.,-11-,A,B,C,Many of the patients I have visited were truly inspiring and I always admire them for their strength.Although difficult,they were often willing to share their stories of pain,suffering,hopes and optimism.I realize that I am truly grateful and honored that they would share their personal stories with just a volunteer like me.,-12-,A,B,C,1.What does the underlined word “diminish” in Paragraph 1 mean?(1 word) 2.What are the topics the author prepares for the patients?(No more than 10 words) 3.What did the author learn from her talking with the patients?(No more than 12 words),Reduce.,The current news,sports scores and fun facts.,She learned the hospital settings and system and diverse life of others.,-13-,A,B,C,4.How does the author feel about the patients telling her their stories? (No more than 8 words) 5.What can you learn from the authors story?(No more than 15 words),She feels truly grateful and honored.,I realized that everyone can make a difference through doing voluntary work.,-14-,A,B,C,Do you want to improve the way you study?Do you feel nervous before a test? Many students say that a lack of concentration is their biggest problem.It seriously affects their ability to study,so do their test results.If so,use these tips to help you. Study Techniques.You should always study in the same place.You shouldnt sit in a position that you use for another purpose.For example,when you sit on a sofa to study,your brain will think it is time to relax.Dont watch TV while you are studying.Experts warn that your concentration may be reduced by 50 percent if you attempt to study in this way.Always try to have a white wall in front of you,so there is nothing to distract you.,-15-,A,B,C,Before sitting down to study,gather together all the equipment you needapart from your textbooks,pens,pencils and knives and make sure you have a dictionary.If your study desk or table is needed when you are not studying,store all your equipment in a box beside it.Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface.Position your book at an angle of 30 degrees.Be realistic and dont try to complete too much in one study period.Finish one thing before beginning another.If you need a break,get up and walk around for a few minutes,but try not to telephone a friend or have something to eat.,-16-,A,B,C,Test-taking Skills.All your hard work will be for nothing if you are too nervous to take your test.Getting plenty of rest is very important.This means “do not study all night before your test”!It is a better idea to have a long-term study plan.Try to make a timetable for your study which lasts for a few months.Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure.Doing some form of exercise every day will also improve your concentration.Eat healthy food too.When you arrive in the examination room,find your seat and sit down.Breathe slowly and deeply.Check the time on the clock during the test,but not too often.Above all,take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention.,-17-,A,B,C,1.What is the authors purpose of the passage?(No more than 15 words) 2.Please explain the underlined word “distract” in English.(No more than 5 words) 3.What shouldnt you do when you take a break?(No more than 10 words),To introduce tips about how to study efficiently and how to take a test.,Make less concentrated.,Telephone a friend or have something to eat.,-18-,A,B,C,4.What is the most important tip when you take an exam?(No more than 15 words) 5.Which tip do you think is useful to you?Why?(No more than 20 words),Dont notice others and give your undivided attention to the test paper.,Open.,-19-,A,B,C,I went online to check if my pay was in my bank account.To my amazement I discovered that not only had I been paid,a company Id never worked for had also paid me!I knew Id have been beside myself if my own salary was not in my account,so I tried to get the money back to the right person.Easier said than done. The bank couldnt help as it wasnt a bank problem.The human-resource department at the company that paid me was unable to help as I didnt have enough details.I rang the bank again.Thankfully I had a sympathetic call operator who gave me a name,so I again rang the company “Daniel”worked for.,-20-,A,B,C,I expected the bank would contact me to arrange to take the money from my account and repay Daniel.I heard nothing for a month and the money remained in my account when Daniel called,explaining hed tried to get back his money but had been unsuccessful as neither the bank nor his company felt it was their error.He had rung to ask if I could speak to the bank,but after chatting for a few minutes we realized we could probably fix this problem ourselves.,-21-,A,B,C,We decided I would take the money from my account and he would pick it up from me.Due to my busy job I was unable to meet Daniel personally but he left me a lovely bottle of wine in exchange for what was rightfully his.I never had any intention of keeping Daniels pay but red tape(烦琐手续) made it difficult to do the right thing.It all came down to two people being able to do what a huge bank and a large company couldnt do admit a mistake has occurred and fix it.,-22-,A,B,C,1.How did the author react to the extra money in his bank account?(No more than 15 words) 2.The underlined phrase“beside myself”probably means .(No more than 2 words) 3.How did the bank and the company respond to the problem?(No more than 10 words),He felt surprised and wanted to return it to the right person.,Very angry/mad/crazy,Neither the bank nor the company admitted their fault.,-23-,A,B,C,4.What was the final solution to the problem in the end?(No more than 12 words) 5.Who do you think should be to blame?Why?(No more than 20 words),The author and Daniel solved the problem themselves.,Students own answer.,
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