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专题十六 主旨大意,-2-,考情概览 考试说明指出:任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落,甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义,从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题),亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时,文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考査考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。 主旨大意题主要测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题、标题或目的设题。,-3-,1.主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种 (1)The best title for this passage is . (2)The passage/the first paragraph is mainly about . (3)What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage? (4)Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? (5)The passage chiefly discusses/deals with . (6)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? (7)The passage mainly tells us that . (8)The main idea of the first/second/third/.paragraph probably is . (9)Whats the first/second/third/.paragraph concerned with? (10)What does the author try to express in Paragraph.?,-4-,2.主旨大意题解题策略 (1)归纳文章大意 任何一篇文章都有自己的中心思想。不少文章在全文或各段的开头便展示出文章的中心思想。首先,抓住每个段落的中心要点,将每个段落的中心归纳综合,即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每个段落的中心要点往往是通过主题句(Topic Sentence)来体现的。考生应采取略读法,以搜寻各段主题句为目标,快速扫视全文,避免逐词理解,把注意力集中在找主要信息上,而不是过分注意细节事实。一般来说,文章的主题或中心都在第一段或最后一段表明。某一段的主题句也常出现在段首或段尾,在寻找主题句或中心段时,要注意语篇特点。有些文章无明显的主题句,但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或者提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。,-5-,【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,A) Suppose youre in a rush,feeling tired,not paying attention to your screen,and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”.You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do?Here are four common email accidents,and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soon Dont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet.Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.,-6-,Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice,the better.Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake.Keep the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly,as people can be offended,especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e.incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner,or what holiday youd like to take.In this instance,the best solution is to send a quick,light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness.But it can quickly rise to something worse,when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation.In this instance,step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.,-7-,Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger.You write an unkind message about someone,intending to send it to a friend,but accidentally send it to the person youre discussing.In that case,ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 40.What is the passage mainly about? A.Defining email errors. B.Reducing email mistakes. C.Handling email accidents. D.Improving email writing. 主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了四种常见的电子邮件事故,并给出了相应的补救措施。故选C项。,-8-,(2)概括文章标题 文章的标题(title)是文章的眼睛,通过这双“眼睛”我们可以略知文章的大意。给文章加一个适当的标题,首先要把握好文章的大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意,更不可把文章的细节看成文章的大意,从而给文章加上一个观点片面的标题。文章的标题实际上是对文章大意最简洁的概括,标题与文章大意息息相关。 其次,给文章一个适当的标题还应抓住文章的主题句。因为文章的大意和文章的主题句总是一脉相承的,抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的灵魂。 再次,给文章加标题应注意文章的体裁和写作目的。叙事类文章是为了记叙一件事或一个人物,表达作者的某种感情,所加标题应体现叙事类文章的特点。说明文是为了说明一个事物或过程,标题应体现说明文的特点。对于一些幽默类文章,应挖掘其深层含义,所给标题应体现文章幽默的特点。,-9-,【典例分析】 (2016全国卷,D) The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.,-10-,Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures,silence is a call for reflection.,-11-,Other cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in authority.,-12-,Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.,-13-,35.What may be the best title for the text? A.Sound and Silence B.What It Means to Be Silent C.Silence to Native Americans D.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold 主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要说明沉默具有文化特异性,在不同的文化中,沉默表达的含义和作用各不相同。因此B项最具概括性。,-14-,(3)总结段落大意 每个段落通常都有个中心,中心思想通常会在首句体现出来,这就是常说的段落主题句。采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句会在段尾;采用演绎法的段落,先提出观点,后举例子,由一般到特殊,主题句会出现在段首,这种情况主要出现在说明文和议论文中;若作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主题句会出现在段中。有时候,作者没有明确写出主题句,需要读者根据段落的内容去归纳概括本段的大意。,-15-,【典例分析】 Working with a group of baboons(狒狒) in the Namibian desert,Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology,Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task,while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were,Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.,-16-,She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt,but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect,despite being made aware of what to do,they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did. The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not,even though they spent more time watching.,-17-,This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的) tasks not because they arent clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information. The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they dont associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.,-18-,What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.The significance of Dr.Carters research. B.The purpose of Dr.Carters research. C.The design of Dr.Carters research. D.The results of Dr.Carters research. 段落大意题。通读第一段内容可知,该段主要介绍了艾蕾西娅卡特博士研究狒狒学习能力的方案是如何设计的。答案为C项。,-19-,A,B,C,(2017天津卷,C) This month,Germanys transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley” of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.,-20-,A,B,C,Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email,say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers,he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers,consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds,UK.,-21-,A,B,C,An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars,introduced earlier this year,insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars,people expect driverless cars.”Merat says.“You know no driver.” Because of the confusion,Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own,says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore,where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.,-22-,A,B,C,That would go down poorly in the US,however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.,【语篇导读】本文为一篇议论文。德国交通部长就无人驾驶汽车做出了一些提议,并推进了完全无人驾驶汽车的运行,那么,如果无人驾驶汽车出现交通事故,应该谁负主要责任呢?是生产商还是车主?,-23-,A,B,C,1.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.A place where cars often break down. B.A case where passing a law is impossible. C.An area where no driving is permitted. D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.,D,解析 词义猜测题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,交通部长的提议将会明确司机的责任。根据第二段的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知,这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形,故选D项。,-24-,A,B,C,2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to . A.stop people from breaking traffic rules B.help promote fully automatic driving C.protect drivers of all ages and races D.prevent serious property damage,B,解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving.”可知,道路交通法的改变将会使完全无人驾驶汽车获得许可。它将把完全无人驾驶汽车与人类司机置于一个平等的法律基础。因此,他的提议有利于推进完全无人驾驶汽车的进程,故选B项。,-25-,A,B,C,3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A.It should get the attention of insurance companies. B.It should be the main concern of law makers. C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D.It should involve no human responsibility.,D,解析 推理判断题。根据第七段可知,当提到“完全无人驾驶汽车”时,人们期待的是完全没有司机的汽车,也就是说,人们认为,所谓的完全无人驾驶汽车不涉及人类的责任,故选D项。,-26-,A,B,C,4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in . A.Singapore B.the UK C.the US D.Germany,C,解析 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的第一句“That would go down poorly in the US,however.”以及“The idea.would get absolutely nowhere here.”可知,在美国,完全无人驾驶汽车被用作公共设施是不太可能的。故选C项。,-27-,A,B,C,5.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability? B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New Breakthrough C.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed! D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road Accidents,A,解析 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知,文章主要是围绕自主驾驶车辆展开的讨论,并讨论了如果出现交通事故时的法律责任归属问题。故选A项。,-28-,A,B,C,(2016天津卷,D) Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has.There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding. We experience this tiredness in two ways:as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue.In the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.And the longer we delay it,the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real,even if not actually physical,not something in our muscles and bones.The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply:always handle the most difficult job first.,-29-,A,B,C,Years ago,I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors.Applying my own rule,I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序),never letting myself leave out a tough idea.And I always started the days work with the difficult task of essay-writing.Experience proved that the rule works. Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.Though willing to get started,we cannot seem to do the job right.Its difficulties appear so great that,however hard we work,we fail again and again.In such a situation,I work as hard as I canthen let the unconscious take over. When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(大英百科全书),I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles.Nothing like this had ever been done before,and day after day I kept coming up with solutions,but none of them worked.My fatigue became almost unbearable.,-30-,A,B,C,One day,mentally exhausted,I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved.I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me.Relieved,I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep. An hour later,I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind.In the weeks that followed,the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.Though I worked as hard as before,I felt no fatigue.Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing. Human beings,I believe,must try to succeed.Success,then,means never feeling tired.,-31-,A,B,C,【语篇导读】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。你在完成一件事情时,是否感到过疲劳?其实只要我们克服了做事情的两种疲劳启动疲劳和执行疲劳,我们就能获得成功。,-32-,A,B,C,1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to . A.delay tasks B.work hard C.seek help D.accept failure,A,解析 细节理解题。由第二段第二句“In the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.”可知,在前一种情况下(启动疲劳),由于任务太枯燥或是太难,我们不断推迟任务开始的时间。故选A项。,-33-,A,B,C,2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue? A.Writing essays in strict order. B.Building up physical strength. C.Leaving out the toughest ideas. D.Dealing with the hardest task first.,D,解析 细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“The solution is obvious though.:always handle the most difficult job first.”可知,作者认为应对启动疲劳的方法是先从最困难的工作开始。故选D项。,-34-,A,B,C,3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue? A.Before starting a difficult task. B.When all the solutions fail. C.If the job is rather boring. D.After finding a way out.,B,解析 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知本段讲述performance fatigue;由第三句“Its difficulties appear so great that,however hard we work,we fail again and again.”可推知,在我们所有的方法都不能解决难题时,人们容易产生执行疲劳。故选B项。,-35-,A,B,C,4.According to the author,the unconscious mind may help us . A.ignore mental problems B.get some nice sleep C.gain complete relief D.find the right solution,D,解析 推理判断题。由倒数第二段第二句中的“the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.”可推知,人们在潜意识下能够想到难题的解决方法。故选D项。,-36-,A,B,C,5.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Success Is Built upon Failure B.How to Handle Performance Fatigue C.Getting over Fatigue:A Way to Success D.Fatigue:An Early Sign of Health Problems,C,解析 主旨大意题。文章介绍了人们工作时会遇到两种疲劳:启动疲劳和执行疲劳。作者结合自身经历告诉读者应对这两种疲劳的方法。最后得出结论:只要克服了这两种疲劳,人们就能获得成功。故C项最适合作文章标题。,-37-,A,B,C,Holland Finley is a senior at the University of Texas in Austin.She has always been an athlete,but at a young age she had no idea that her growth as a competitor would help her set the path for her growth as a student,leader,and community member. Holland has been involved in a large number of sports her whole life,but her onset of asthma(哮喘) in middle school caused her to reevaluate her athletic pursuits.Instead of giving up,however,she decided to focus on sports that required more strength than endurance(忍耐力).,-38-,A,B,C,Holland quickly began cheerleading and wakeboarding(尾流跳板运动),and even though she had to suffer from serious injuries,she became a Jr.Womens World Champion in wakeboarding and made the UT Cheer squad(小队) in her freshman year.She won the 2013 Collegiate Womens National Cable Wakeboarding Championship title.,-39-,A,B,C,While Hollands commitment to athletics is strongly influential in her life,it is her commitment to service and the community that makes her special.She challenges herself to excel further in the classroom than she does on the water,and uses her drive to help others.Convinced by the power of will and creativity,Holland has sought to make a difference on her campus.She founded Orange Outreach within UTs Student Government.Orange Outreach plans monthly community service events for students and staff,and hosts an online platform where groups within Austin who need volunteers can post bulletins(公告). Holland is confident that whichever path her life takes her down,she will be able to use her determination and skills to help others.,-40-,A,B,C,【语篇导读】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Holland Finley自强不息、乐于助人并鼓励他人从事志愿工作的故事。,-41-,A,B,C,1.Because of asthma,Holland . A.gave up her athletic pursuits B.began to focus on limited sports C.had to drop out of middle school D.stopped cheerleading and wakeboarding,B,解析细节理解题。由第二段末的“.she decided to focus on sports that required more strength than endurance(忍耐力).”及第三段开头的“Holland quickly began cheerleading and wakeboarding.”可知。,-42-,A,B,C,2.Paragraph 3 is mainly about . A.Hollands school life B.why Holland loves sports C.Hollands achievements in sports D.how Holland recovered from asthma,C,解析段落大意题。第三段主要讲的是Holland在带领啦啦队和海上滑板两项运动中所获得的成就。,-43-,A,B,C,3.Orange Outreach aims to . A.encourage people to do sports B.change students classroom behavior C.help UTs Student Government post bulletins D.connect people with volunteering opportunities,D,解析推理判断题。由第四段末的“.plans monthly community service events for students and staff,and hosts an online platform where groups within Austin who need volunteers can post bulletins(公告).”可推断,该组织致力于将人们和志愿工作的机会联系起来。,-44-,A,B,C,4.Which of the following can best describe Holland? A.Impatient. B.Humorous. C.Kind-hearted. D.Bad-tempered.,C,解析推理判断题。由第四段开头的“.it is her commitment to service and the community that makes her special.”及下文所举事例以及最后一段的“.she will be able to use her determination and skills to help others.”可推断,Holland是一个仁慈善良的人。,-45-,A,B,C,5.The author writes the text mainly to . A.stress the importance of sports B.tell the story of Holland Finley C.inform readers of Orange Outreach D.inspire readers to help people in need,B,解析写作意图题。文章主要介绍了Holland Finley自强不息、乐于助人的事迹。故B项正确。,
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