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专项八 非谓语动词,一、做状语 (1)不定式做状语，常表示目的、结果或原因。 这机器容易操作，任何人都能在很短时间内学会使用。 This machine is very easy _ (operate)Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.,Part,规律印证 考 点 落 实 ， 步 步 为 “ 赢 ”,边 做 边 悟,(2013湖南卷) 为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加。 _ (stay)warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. 厚度和重量与先前版本的不同使得iPad 2拿着更舒服。 The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _ (hold),(2)现在分词和过去分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果。 (2013浙江卷) 听到别人对你刚读过的书的反应会增添一份喜悦。 _ (hear)how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. (2013湖南卷) 天空中太阳开始升起，使山脉沐浴在金色的阳光中。 The sun began to rise in the sky, _ (bathe)the mountain in golden light.,(2013四川卷) 由于不知道要上哪所大学，女孩向她的老师征求意见。 _(not know) which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. (2013山东卷) 蒂娜以前在那个自助餐厅吃过饭，所以她不想再去那里吃饭。 _ (eat)at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. (2013安徽卷)建于20世纪初期，这所学校一直激励孩子们对艺术的热爱。 _ (found)in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.,答案 to operate To stay to hold 不定式置于形容词之后做状语时，如果不定式可以和逻辑主语构成一种动宾关系，那么不定式用主动表示被动。 Hearing bathing Not knowing Having eaten Founded,二、做定语 1不定式作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有动宾关系，不定式用主动表示被动意义。 试比较： I cant go with you to the cinema, because I have a lot of homework _ (finish) I will go to the post office.Have you got anything _ (send)?,(2)在表示次序的词：first, last, best等和表示时间的词time, week等以及在一些抽象名词如chance, warning, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way等词后作定语时常用不定式的一般式。 (2013北京卷) 志愿服务给你一个改变生活的机会，包括你自己的生活。 Volunteering gives you a chance _ (change)lives, including your own.,2现在分词作定语 现在分词表示主动或进行。 (2013山东卷)除了有一个立在角落里的书架，这个房间是空的。 The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ (stand)in the corner. (2013辽宁卷) Laura离家去巴黎待了一周多。当她回家时，有一大堆邮件在等着她。 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home, there was a pile of mail _ (wait)for her.,3过去分词作定语 过去分词表示被动或完成。 (2013四川卷) 明年将要完工的机场会有助于促进这一地区的旅游业发展。 The airport _ (complete)next year will help promote tourism in this area. (2013天津卷) 在一些语言中，100个单词就能组成日常交际中所用到的一半的词汇。 In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words _ (use)in daily conversations.,(2013陕西卷) 警察刚刚询问的那些目击者们对于打斗的描述非常不同。 The witnesses _ (question)by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 答案 to finish to be sent 如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式用被动式。 to change standing waiting to be completed used questioned,现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别： 表示被动、完成用过去分词；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较： (1)The bridge built in 2012 was designed by a local company. (2)The bridge being built now was designed by a local company. (3)The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.,有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。 如：boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界),三、做主语 (1)动名词做主语往往表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，不定式做主语常表示某一次具体的行为。 (2013福建卷) 知道基本的急救技术将会帮助你对紧急情况快速作出反应。 _ (know)basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. (2)常用不定式做主语的句型有： Its difficult (important，necessary)for sb to do. Its kind(good，friendly，polite，careless，rude，cruel，clever，foolish，brave)of sb to do.,不管你多么能言善辩，但有时候还是保持沉默更好。 No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _(remain)silent. (3)常用动名词做主语的句型有： Its no good (use，fun)doing. Its (a)waste of time ones doing. Its worth while doing. 只抱怨而不采取行动是没用的。 Its no use _ (complain)without taking any action.,(4)疑问词不定式可以在句中充当主语，宾语或表语。 何时动身还不知道。 _ is unknown. 我忘了该怎么办。 I forgot _. 我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。 I can tell you _. 答案 Knowing to remain complaining When to start what to do where to buy(get)this book,四、做宾语 (1)下列动词跟不定式做宾语 want，wish，hope，expect，ask，pretend，care，decide，happen，long，offer，refuse，fail，plan，prepare，order，cause，afford，beg，manage，agree，promise等。 注意：如果作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词的后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。 They found it hard _ English. 他们发现学英语很难。 Dont you think it better _ it this way? 你难道不认为用这种方式翻译它会更好些？,(2)在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay，imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set about, be engaged in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。 人通过犯错误并改正错误来学习语言。 One learns a language by making mistakes and _ ( correct)them.,在以下句型中in可以省略，其后接动名词作宾语。 have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)doing sth there is no point/good/use (in)doing sth spend time/money (in)doing sth,(3)在forget，remember，stop，regret，try，mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birthday party. They regretted agreeing to the plan. He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. She tried reading a novel，but that couldnt make her forget her sorrow. I didnt mean to hurt you. A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return.,苏姗不想依赖父母。她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了。 Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She tried _ (live)alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.,(4)动名词作need，want，require，be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。 The washing machine needs _.这台洗衣机需要修理。 This English novel is worth _. 这本英文小说值得一读。 There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need _(improve) 私家车备受青睐也牵涉到一个新的问题路况需要改善。,答案 to learn to translate correcting living repairing/to be repaired reading improving/ to be improved,五、做宾语补足语 (1)以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语： ask，tell，beg，allow，want，like，hate，force，invite，persuade，advise，order，cause，encourage，wait for，call on，permit，forbid The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post.(注意hope后跟不定式做宾补。),(2)有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to”的不定式，这些动词有感官动词see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel, observe和使役动词make, let, have等。 (2013北京卷) 当我们看到道路被雪阻断了时，我们决定在家度假。 When we saw the road _ (block)with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. (2013陕西卷) 让那些需要帮助的人们明白，我们会竭尽全力去帮助他们。 Let those in need _ (understand)that we will go all out to help them. 答案 blocked understand,注意：have/get sth done结构中，done的动作不是句子的主语及宾语去做的，而是另外的人去做的。 I have had my hair cut. makeoneself过去分词(做宾补)表示让某事由别人去做，这些过去分词有 heard, known, understood, noticed, believed等。 Youd better make yourself understood. There was such a noise that he couldnt make himself heard.,六、做表语 (1)不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 (2013重庆卷) 发动机启动不了了，它好像出问题了。 The engine just wont start.Something seems _ (go)wrong with it. 现在我们有聊天室，能传递文本信息，还可以发电子邮件但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能。 Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing.but we seem _ (lose)the art of communicating face to face., 四月份，成千上万的度假者由于火山灰的影响而被滞留在国外。 In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _ (stick)abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. 答案 to have gone to be losing stuck,(2)现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。 This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征) This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态) Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing. 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们全都累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态),1【误】 We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall. 解析 考查固定结构。注意区分 allow doing sth.和 allow sb to do sth，以及相关词的用法。,考 点 警 示,2【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 解析 当序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。 3【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 解析 being discussed 表示动作正在进行，而根据 at tomorrows meeting 可判断动作发生在将来，故用 to be discussed 表示。,4【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 解析 see，watch 等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带 to 。 5【误】 Ive been looking forward to hear from you. 【正】 Ive been looking forward to hearing from you. 解析 在 look forward to 中 to 为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。,6【误】 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 【正】 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 解析 作形式主语，代替动词的ing 形式，只能用 it 。 7【误】 The flowers need being watered. 【正】 The flowers need watering /to be watered. 解析 need，want，require 等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“需要被”,8(1)【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. (2)【误】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 解析 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补足语。,9(1)【误】 Having found the cause，the experiment continued. 【正】 Having found the cause，they continued the experiment. (Having found After/When they had found) (2)【误】 Seeing from the top of the hill，the city looks more beautiful. 【正】 Seen from the top of the hill，the city looks more beautiful.(Seen When the city is seen) 解析 作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中的主语一致，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。,10(1)【误】 Having not finished his homework，he didnt want to go to bed. 【正】 Not having finished his homework，he didnt want to go to bed. (2)【误】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street. 解析 非谓语动词的否定式中，not 必须放在非谓语动词的最前面。,1非谓语动词的时态 迪娜努力了好几个月，想找一份侍者的工作，终于在当地的一家广告公司找到了一个职位。 Dina, _ (struggle)for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ (break)the world record in the 110meter hurdle race.,易 错 防 范,2非谓语动词的语态 China recently tightened its water controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ (attack)in the South China Sea. 答案 having struggled to have broken being attacked,
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