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(一)通读全文，了解大意 既然是利用短文在语境中考语法,那么,我们在解题前一定要快速浏览短文,了解全文大意。这一步非常重要。,(二)分析语境，试填答案 读懂短文之后，要结合短文所提供的特定的语境(也就是上下文)去填空。具体注意以下几点： 1.从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单词在句中作何种句子成分，从而推断出它的词性，如缺主语或宾语，填词应为代词。 2.根据句子意义的完整性，去确定填一个表示什么意义的代词、冠词或介词等。 3.根据句子与句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填哪个关联词。具体方法见“解题思路大全”。,(三)重读全文，解决难题 在大部分空格填好后，再仔细推敲难题，此时难题也就不再难了。 (四)复原短文，检查核对 所有空格填好后，将答案放入原文，把整篇文章从头至尾再复读一遍进行核查。,解答语法填空的基本功是懂得句子的结构分析,准确理解句子意思,善于把握上下句之间的逻辑关系。以下按命题形式和考点类型的不同探讨解题思路和解题技巧。 (一)纯空格题的解题技巧 是指“在空格处填入一个适当的词”这类题。自2007年以来，除2013年要求考生填疑问副词why外，这类题通常只考代词、冠词、关联词和介词。那么什么情况下填代词？何时填冠词？何时填关联词？何时填介词呢？,1.(2009) although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while，she knew that this was a present which was bound to please _.,him 及物动词please(使高兴)后缺宾语，应填代词；由语境和常识可知，给父亲买礼物，应是使父亲高兴，故填宾格人称代词him。,him,2. (2009) Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult _was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.,it 动词was的前面显然缺主语，应填代词；由句式结构可知，填it，在宾语从句中作形式主语，真正的主语是to choose。,it,3.(2008) It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(9601279)was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about _day and night.,it 介词about后缺宾语，应填代词；由句意或前后逻辑可知，应填it，指代前文中的(how) to help his crop grow up quickly。,it,4. (2007) I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused _ .,her 因(that) I had caused是定语从句，先行词是trouble， 代表先行词的关系代词that在从句中作宾语，被省略了；由搭配cause sb. trouble(=cause trouble for sb.给某人造成麻烦)可知，填宾语人称代词her，指代the old woman。,her,当句子缺主语或宾语时，填_。 因为充当主语或宾语的应是名词或代词，而在语法填空的纯空格中一般不要求考生填名词，所以只要句子缺主语或宾语，就该填代词。此时，要根据前后语境，看该空格是指人还是事物，指男还是指女，是单数还是复数。除人称代词外，也有可能是填不定代词（如2011年第25题）等。还有可能是填作形式主语或形式宾语的 _ (如第2题),替代后面作真正的主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或从句。,归纳总结：,it,代词,1.(2009) Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not _ pleasant experience：people stepped on your feet,a 句中experience意为“经历”，是可数名词；作表语的名词experience前应填限定词；由冒号之后的内容可知，一年的这个时候去购物并不是一次愉快的经历，表示“一次”用不定冠词，故填a。,a,2. (2008) It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(9601279)was very anxious to help _ rice crop grow up quickly.,his 在作宾语的名词前, 应当填限定词; 由句意和常识可知, 这个急性子人急于使“他自己的”禾苗长得快，故填形容词性物主代词his。,his,3.(2007)the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to _ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.,a 作宾语的名词small town前应填限定语；由句意可知，此处指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”去修，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small以辅音开头，故填a。,a,4.(2007) I had noticed three hens running free in my hostesss courtyard and that night one of them ended up in a dish on my table. _ villagers brought me goats cheese and honey.,Other/Some 作主语的名词villagers前应填限定词；相对招呼“我”在她家吃住的那个old peasant woman，拿goats cheese and honey来同“我”饮酒聊天的应是“其他的(Other)” 村民，或者理解为“有些(Some)”村民。,Other/Some,归纳总结：,在作主语、_语或 _语的名词或“形容词+名词”前，填限定词。 限定词是指冠词、形容词性物主代词，或可以作定语的不定代词等。此时，要根据句子的意思来确定空格的语境意义，由此来判断具体填什么词。如表示特指，大体相当于“这、这些、那、那些”时用_；表示“一(个，本,座)”时用不定冠词a或an；表示“某人的”，用_；表示“一些”用some，表示“另一个”用another，表示“其他的”用other等。,形容词性物主代词,宾,表,定冠词the,1. (2009) She found some good quality pipes _ sale.,on 名词sale在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语，空格处应填介词；因表示“出售”的on sale是固定搭配，故填on。,on,2. (2009) When Jane got home，with her small but well-chosen present in her bag， her parents were already _ table having supper.,at 名词(table)在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语, 就应是作介词的宾语; 由having supper可知，填at；因为at table表示“在餐桌边，在进餐”，也是习惯搭配。,at,3. (2008) Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese peoples daily life. _ these proverbs there are often interesting stories.,Behind/In 因名词these proverbs在句中不是作主语，也不是作动词的宾语，应当是作介词的宾语，即空格处应填介词；由表示存在的句型可知，应当是指在某个地方或某个时间存在, 此处应是指“在中国的这些成语故事的背后 / 里面”常常有有趣的故事，故填介词Behind或In。注意，在句首，要大写首字母。,Behind/In,4. (2008) He was very tired _ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy.,after/from 因动名词短语doing this不是作主语，也不是作动词的宾语，应是作介词的宾语，即空格处应填介词；又因“他感到很累”应是“在他做了一整天事之后”，表示“在之后”，用介词after；另外be tired from doing(因做某事而累)是固定搭配，故也可填from。,after/from,5. (2007) I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me _ a guest in their house.,as 因名词a guest在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，可推断是作介词的宾语, 应填一个介词; 又由句意“把我当作客人来接待(receive sb. as)”，可知填介词as。,as,6. (2007) When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village， I wanted to reward the old woman _ the trouble I had caused her.,for 因名词the trouble在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，应当是作介词的宾语；表示“因而酬谢 / 报答某人”是reward sb. for sth.，故填for。,for,归纳总结：,当空格后的名词、代词或动名词不是作主语、表语，也不是作动词的_语时，填 _ 词。 因为名词和代词最典型的用法是作主语或宾语，既然不作主语和动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语了，所以要填介词。具体填什么介词，由介词与该名词的搭配及其意义(如上述题13)来决定，也可能是由动词或谓语与介词的句式搭配(如上述46题)来决定。,介,宾,1. (2012) _he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.,If 因he thought与he was wrong是两个句子，且两者之间没有关联词，必定是填关联词；根据两句之间的逻辑关系，应填表示条件的If。意为“要是他想坐后排可以逃避老师注意，那他就错了”。,If,2. (2011) My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived.,until 空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词；由两句之间的逻辑关系可知，是“等到车来”，表示“直到”用until，引导时间状语从句。,until,3. (2011) Behind him were other people to _ he was trying to talk，,whom 空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词；后面一句应当这样理解he was trying to talk to the people, 可见, 后面一句是定语从句，先行词是people, 直接在介词后应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。,whom,4. (2009) Jane paused in front of a counter _ some attractive ties were on display.,where 因空格前后都是句子，且这两句之间没有关联词，必定是填关联词；由句意和逻辑可知，“陈列引人注目的领带”应是在“柜台”里，因此，a counter是先行词，其后是定语从句，要填的词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。,where,5. (2008) One day， he came up with an idea _ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.,that 空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词；由前后的意义关系可知, 空格后是同位语从句, 说明idea的具体内容；名词性从句的结构和意义已非常完整，故用that引导。,that,6.(2008)He was very tired after doing this for a whole day，_ he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher.,but 空格前后都是句子且这两句之间没有关联词，应填关联词；又因后句的he felt very happy与前句的He was very tired是转折关系，故填but。,but,归纳总结：,当空格前后都是句子(一个主谓关系算一个句子)，且这两个句子之间没有关联词时（两句之间是逗号或无标点），填_；若并列的两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，填表示联合、选择、转折等意义的并列连词。 具体填哪个关联词，由两个或几个单词、短语或句子之间的逻辑关系来决定。若是句子与句子之间，还要分析整个句子的结构，分清主句与从句，弄清从句在整个句子中作何种成分，确定从句类型(在整个句子中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语就是_从句；,名词性,关联词,作定语叫定语从句；表示时间、地点、原因、条件、结果等的从句叫_从句)，以及引导该类从句的关联词的使用特点(如引导定语从句的关联词一定是代表先行词并在从句中作句子成分的；引导名词性从句的关联词，that没有任何意思也不作任何句子成分，即句子结构和意思完整时即填_，而if或whether有“是否”之意但不作句子成分，who， whom， which, when， where， how等则有意思也作句子成分)来决定。,that,状语,1.(2010茂名二模)Listen to these words from Darwin P. Kingsley：“You have powers you never dreamed of. You can do things you never thought you _ do. There are no limitations in what you can do except the limitations of your own mind.”,could 因空格后的do是原形，而thought是一般过去时，所以空格处应当是填情态助动词；又由前面You can do things和后文的you can do可以提到启示，此处也填can，只不过用其过去式(由thought可知)，故填could。句意是“你能做你(以前)从未想到过你能做的事”。,could,did 因谓语动词happen是原形，而前后语境的谓语动词都是过去式，时态不一致，所以此处应填情态动词或助动词；由句意“我解释说，虽然我没有带现金，但我的确恰好有一张新毯子”，故填助动词did，对谓语动词进行强调。,2.(2010茂名一模)I explained that while I didnt carry any cash, I _ happen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it. He was thrilled.,did,3.(2009茂名二模) Whats amazing is that Pluto _ understand everything dad says. Their communication is as near to being perfect as possibleEach seems to know what the other needs at any time. Never once _ I heard anyone shout at Pluto or even raise their voices.,因主语是第三人称单数，而前一空后是却是动词原形，根据语境是一般现在时，可见此空必定填情态动词can(能够)，或者填助动词does(真的, 的确), 强调understand。后一空, 该句以否定词never开头, 用部分倒装; 又由语境和never可知，谓语动词应用现在完成时，故填have。,can/does,have,4.(2007肇庆二模) Once when I returned from a Saturday baseball game，_ was Steve who took the time to ask me what happened.,由句子结构可知，填it构成强调句型。,it,5. (2014肇庆期末)In fact, micro blog itself is of little harm. It is your attitude towards it _ matters. We should take the advantages and avoid some bad effects.,与前面的it is构成强调结构。,that,归纳总结：,(1)若句子结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填_动词，或强调_的do，does， did，或构成部分倒装的助动词do，does，did等(如上述12题)。 (2)还要注意有可能是部分倒装，填助动词have，has，had与主语后的过去分词以构成完成时(如上述第3题)。(3)填it或that，以构成it is/wasthat/who这个强调句型(如上述45题)。,谓语,情态,（二）有提示词题的解题技巧 是指“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”这类题，自2007年以来的高考题只考查了谓语动词的时态和被动语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、词类转化等四种情况。 边做边悟：请做下面一组题高考题（“高考真题研练”有的题尽量不再重复），每做一题都要思考是如何一步一步做出来的，并将解题的思维过程写出来。做完这一组题后，总结一下这类题的解题方法。,1. (2012) He walked in as if he _ (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.,在主格人称代词he后，显然是作谓语；又因他不可能是买下了这个学校，故应用虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，故填had bought。,had bought,2. (2009)people stepped on your feet or _(push) you with their elbows(肘部)， hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.,因push这个动作应是主语people发出的，又由并列连词or可知, push与stepped应为并列谓语；因stepped是一般过去式, push也应是一般过去时，故填pushed。,pushed,3.(2009)“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking，” Jane _ (inform).,因inform在主语Jane后作谓语，Jane与inform是被动关系，又是一般过去时，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was informed。,was informed,4. (2008) Being too anxious to help an event develop often _ (result) in the contrary to our intention.,句中Being too anxious to help an event develop是动名词短语作主语，result应是谓语动词；“急于求成，往往会事与愿违”是客观真理，应当用一般现在时；动名词短语作主语，谓语用第三人称单数形式，故填results。,results,5.(2007)I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote village.,在when后的分句中，my car是主语，其后的break应为谓语动词；由全文可知，这是叙述过去的经历，用一般过去式; 再说was/were doingwhendid是一个固定句型，when后面的句子的谓语用一般过去时，表示“正在做某事，就在这个时候突然发生了另外一事”，故填broke。,broke,归纳总结：,当句子缺少谓语动词时，括号中的动词就是_动词。 此时，要根据主语与该动词的主动或被动关系确定用主动语态还是用_语态；然后，根据语境确定用哪种时态；同时，还必须考虑主谓一致和虚拟语气等。,被动,谓语,1.(2011)I noticed a man _(sit) at the front.,已有谓语动词noticed，且sit前没有并列连词，因此，sit是非谓语动词；由固定句式notice sb. doing / do sth.(注意到某人在做 / 做了某事)可知，填sitting或sit，但我们认为，根据文中提供的情境，不难推出，作者“注意到”时，那个人是“正坐在”作者前面的，故填sitting更准确、更切实际、也更生动。,sitting/sit,2. (2010) He spit it out, _(say) it was awful.,因句中已有谓语动词spit了，而say前又没有并列连词，所以say应为非谓语动词；又因he与say是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语，填saying。,saying,3.(2009) She wished that he was as easy _ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.,因句中已有谓语was easy(系动词加表语构成谓语)，动词please(使高兴)应为非谓语动词；在形容词后作状语，只能用动词不定式，故填to please。,to please,4.(2008) For example， the proverb， “plucking up a crop _ (help) it grow”， is based on the following story.,因“帮助禾苗长”是“将禾苗拔高(plucking up a crop)”的目的，作目的状语，通常只能用动词不定式，故填to help。顺便提提，“plucking up a crop to help it grow”是动名词短语，作主语the proverb的同位语。,to help,5.(2007)While she was getting me _ (settle) into a tiny but clean room， the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car,因句中已有谓语was getting，所以settle应为非谓语动词；又由settle sb. into / in / on(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知，me与settle是被动关系,要用过去分词作宾补。又如：A nurse settled the old man into a chair.护士让那位老人舒舒服服地坐在椅子上。,settled,归纳总结：,当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列，该动词就是_。 此时，就要根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的某种形式。如作主语或宾语，就用_ (一般)或不定式形式(具体)；作目的状语或在形容词后作状语，用_; 作伴随状语或作定语，要根据与逻辑主语的关系，用现在分词或过去分词；有时也要根据句式搭配来确定，如see / hear / notice sb. do / doing sth.，spend doing sth.等。,动词不定式,非谓语动词,动名词,1. (2013佛山一模)The _ (busy) time is around Spring Festival, because many people go back to their hometowns for family reunions or go traveling.,隐性最高级，前有定冠词，表示“一年最忙的时候是春节期间”。,busiest,2.(2010)“The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be _(sweet).”,在be后作表语，用形容词，而括号中所给的sweet本身就是形容词，因此无需词性转化，可想到用其比较级；由语境可知，这是省略了than the water的隐性比较级，故填sweeter。意思是“什么也不会比这水更甜”即“这水是世界上最甜的”，比较级形式与否定词连用表示最高级含义。,sweeter,3.(2008)he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” _ (high).,因修饰谓语did “grow”，作状语，用副词，而high本身可以作副词，无需词类转化，可想到用其比较级；由语境分析可知，这是省略了than before的隐性比较级，指比他pluck up之前“长”得更高了，故填higher。,higher,4.(2010惠州三模)Once a habit is formed， it is difficult， and sometimes _ (possible), to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we pay great attention to the formation of habits.,与difficult作并列表语，需填形容词；而possible本身是形容词，无需作词性转换；但由语境不难理解句意，“某种习惯一旦形成，就很难戒掉，有时甚至戒不了”；因此，要填与possible意义相反的impossible。,impossible,归纳总结：,当括号中所给词是形容词或副词，且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，要根据语境，理解句意，若该词意思不变，逻辑上讲得通，就很可能填该词的 _(或最高级)（如第13题）；若需要用与该词意义相反的意思，逻辑才通顺的，就要在该词前加表示否定或相反意义的前缀（如第4题）。 注意：要善于分析语境，辨别省略了than的隐性比较级(如上述23题)。,比较级,1. (2012) For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt _ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasnt her ,在系动词felt后作表语，用形容词，表示“高兴的”。,pleased,2. (2009) But Jane knew from past experience that her _(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.,在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词，或者说，在形容词性物主代词后，一定是用名词形式，故填choice。,choice,3.(2008)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their _(nature) course.,在名词course前作定语，要用形容词，故填natural。,natural,4.(2007)We drank together and talked _ (merry) till far into the night.,修饰谓语动词talked，作状语，应用副词，故填merrily。,merrily,5. (2013深圳一模)Mum gave me two tickets for a film, telling me she was too busy to go together with me with the _ (end) housework.,名词前应填形容词, 又根据前文的too busy可知这里应填endless，表示“没完没了的家务活”。,endless,6.In Alaska， the wolf almost _ (appear) a few years ago， because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.,在句中作谓语，应填谓语动词；appear本身就是动词, 无需作词性变化; 但是根据后文可知，意思是“狼在几年前就差不多消失了”, 故填与appear意义相反的disappear; 又由a few years ago可知，要用一般过去式。,disappeared,归纳总结：,当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时，就需要词类转化。 我们可据以下3条规则顺利解题： (1)作主语或宾语用 _形式（如第2题）。 (2)作定语、表语或补足语用 _形式（如第1、3、5题）。 (3)修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用 _ 形式（如第4题）。,副词,名词,形容词,(1) 有时不但要注意词性转换，而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀，其逻辑意义才通顺(如上述第5题)。 (2) 当所给词的词性与空格处所需词的词性相同时，无需改变词性，就可能是加只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀或后缀了(如上述第6题)。,
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