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专题2 代词和介词,考情分析 代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词类。在单项填空考查中 主要考查人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定 代词以及it的特殊用法、代词的辨析、代词与否定词构成的 否定与半否定等。对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法 上,最常见的是介词短语的考查及介词的固定搭配。,考点一 人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和反身代词,(2013高考浙江卷,T11)Half of _ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears. Athese Bsome Cones Dthose 解析:考查代词辨析。句意:来自16个国家的受访人当中有一半人说,在他们有最强烈的愿望和最恐惧的时候,他们首先想到他们最亲近的朋友。所以这里用those来指代前面提到的那些被调查的人。,D,1在没有谓语动词的句子中,人称代词常用宾格。 Glad to meet you.很高兴见到你。 Me,too.我也是。 Id like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. 这个周末我想去爬山。 Me,too.我也想去。,2形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语。名词性物主代词通常在句中起名词作用,可以作主语、宾语和表语。名词 性 物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前。 We took our fishing pole and headed for the lake. 我们带上鱼竿朝湖走去。 This camera is mine and that is yours. 这部相机是我的,那个是你的。,3反身代词的用法: (1)反身代词可以在be,feel,look,seem 等系动词后作表 语,表示身体或精神状态。 She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。 (2)含有反身代词的习惯用语: 介词反身代词:by oneself单独地,独自地;for oneself 亲自,为自己 动词反身代词:devote oneself to 致力于;apply oneself to 专心致志于;enjoy oneself 过得愉快;help oneself to 随便 吃;随便用;make yourself at home 不拘束;seat oneself 坐 下;behave oneself 举止得体; come to oneself恢复知觉;,苏醒过来;adapt/adjust oneself to适应于;abandon oneself to沉迷于,放纵于;express oneself 表达某人的思想;lose oneself in(be lost in迷失);say to oneself心里想;talk to oneself自言自语 4指示代词常见用法有:指上文提到的事,一般用that或 those;指下文或将要提到的事物,常用this或these。此外, this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that则为询问对方;this和 that还用作副词,相当于so。 Those are the facts;what do you conclude from them? 那些都是事实,你能从中得出什么结论?,They are happy to learn in their own language,and that makes them eager to know more.他们很高兴能用自己的语 言学习,这就激发了他们的求知欲。 习惯搭配有: that is to saythat is. 也就是说 Thats it! 正是如此!对了! Thats enough. 那就够了。 Thats that. 就这么决定了。,1(2016南通市调研)Would you come and help me find another pair of scissors? Why_? Tom has nothing to do all day. AI Bme Che Dthat 解析:句意:你能过来帮我再找一把剪刀吗? 为 什么是我?汤姆一整天都无所事事。此处Why me?为一种习惯表达。,B,2(2016盐城市模拟)Mike,you dont seem to be quite _ today. Well,I hardly slept last night.I was preparing for a report. Aitself Byourself Cyou Dourselves 解析:句意:迈克,你今天的状态似乎不太好。 我昨晚几乎没有睡,我在准备一个报告。be o nese lf为固 定 用法,意为“(身体、精神等方面)处于正常状态”。根据主 语you可知,应选yourself。,B,考点二 it的用法,1(2015高考浙江卷,T12)How would you like _ if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? Athem Bone Cthose Dit 解析:考查代词的用法。句意:如果你正在看最喜欢的电视节目,有人走进来,不说一声就关掉了电视,你会作何感 想?it 指代if you were watching.asking you这件事。How do you like it if.?如果,你作何感想?,D,2(2014高考大纲全国卷,T25)Whos that at the door? _ is the milkman. AHe BIt CThis DThat 解析:考查代词。句意:谁在门口?是送奶的。由语境可知,此处指“不知道性别的某个人”,要用it表示,故B项正确。this与that均为指示代词,但是没有此用法。,B,1指代前面所提到过的事物或说话者不清楚或没有必要说明说话对象的性别时。 The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.史密斯一家买了一套新房子,但是在 入住之前有大量的工作要做。 2it用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后 面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。 No matter where he is,he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管在哪里,他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。,Its no use complaining without taking action. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。 It occurred to me that I had visited him before. 我突然想起我以前曾拜访过他。 3某些及物动词或短语不能直接加宾语从句,此时须先用it 作形式宾语,然后接宾语从句,有此用法的动词(短语):like,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on,see to等。 They would appreciate it,to be frank,if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. 坦率地说,如果货物尽快被送到,他们会感激不尽。,4it的固定搭配: it depends 视情况而定 Dont mention it. 不客气。 believe it or not 信不信由你 make it 成功,做到,及时赶到 put it 表达 get it 明白了 when it comes to. 当谈到 take it for granted that. 认为是理所当然的 Laughter is the best medicineat least when it comes to protecting your heart. 笑是最好的药,至少当涉及保护心脏的时候。,(2014高考山东卷,T4)Susan made_ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. Athat Bthis Cit Dher,C,2(2015江苏宿迁三校联考)He didnt make_clear when and where the meeting would be held. Athis Bit Cthat Dthese 解析:句意:他不清楚会议将在何时何地举行。在这个句子里he是主语,make是谓语,it做的是make的形式宾语,但真正的宾语是when and where the meeting would be held . 四 个选项只有it可做形式宾语。故选B。,B,考点三 it,one(s),that,those的用法区别,1(2015高考天津卷,T2)The quality of education in this small school is better than _ in some larger schools. Athat Bone Cit DThis 解析:考查替代词的用法。句意:这所小型学校的教学质量比有些较大的学校的教学质量还要好.空格处指代the quality of education,为不可数名词,故用that。,A,2(2014高考浙江卷,T3)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year,making _ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. Aeach Bit Cthis Done 解析:考查替代词。句意:去年平均降雨量仅为18.75厘米,使其成为自1850年加利福尼亚成为州以来最干旱的一年。 由语境可知,此处考查的是代词的替代,替代前面 提 到的last year,为同名同物的指代,用it。each每一;this这个;one一个,泛指“同类当中的一个”。,B,代替“a/an单数可数名词”,代替“零冠词复数名词”,代替“the单数可数名词”,有时可用that代替 (尤其在有后置定语的情况下),代替“the复数名词”,有时可用those代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下),代替“the单数可数名词/不可数名词”,代替“the复数名词”,代替上文替代的同名同物,即同一个。,To her joy,Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues. 令戴拉高兴的是,她首先赢得了她的学生的信任,然后又赢得了同事的信任。 Weve been looking for a cheap house but havent found one yet.我一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没有找到。 I like this house with a beautiful garden in front,but I dont have enough money to buy it.我喜欢这座前面有漂亮花园的房子,但是没有足够的钱来买它。,1The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than _on the small ones. Aone Bthis Cthat Dit 解析:句意:主街上交通灯的绿灯指示时间比小街上的绿 灯指示时间长。四个选项都为替代词,one指代上文中出现的单数可数名词,表泛指;that指代上文中出现 的不可数 名词 或单数可数名词,表特指,其后有修饰语限 制;it指代 上文 提到的同名同物。由句子结构和句意可知,空格处应 用that 替代上文中出现的不可数名词traffic。,C,2(2015江苏省启东中学调研)Everyone doesnt agree to the plan.Some support it while Im one of_opposed to it. Athose who Bwho Cthose Dthat 解析:句意:并不是每个人都同意这个计划。有的支持它而我是反对中的一个。此处those后的opposed to it是过 去分 词短语作定语,相当于定语从句who are opposed to it,A选 项错在who后没系动词。,C,考点四 不定代词all,both,either,any,none,neither的用法区别,1(2014高考江西卷,T32)When shall I call,in the morning or afternoon? _Ill be in all day. AAny BNone CNeither DEither,D,解析:考查代词。句意:我什么时候(给你) 打 电 话 方 便,上午还是下午?都可以,我将一整天都在家。根据 文中提到的in the morning or afternoon可知,此处指在两者 之间作出选择,故排除A、B两项;又根据“Ill be in all day.”可知应该是两个时间段均可以。,2(2014高考四川卷,T1)Shed lived in London and Manchester,but she liked _ and moved to Cambridge. Aboth Bneither Cnone Deither 解析:考查代词。句意:她曾经在伦敦和曼彻斯特生活过,但是她不喜欢这两个地方就搬到了剑桥。both“两者都”; neither“两者都不”;none“三者或三者以上都不”; either“二者任选其一”。由关键信息London and Manchester可知,此处表示“两者”,排除C项;再由but以及moved to Cambridge(搬到剑桥)可知,此处表示“两 地 都不喜欢”,故B项正确。,B,both,either,neithernot either,both和not连用,all,any,none not any,all和not连用,As the two dictionaries are useful,Ill take both and either of them is very important to me.由于这两本词典都有用,我 会把它们都带走,每一本对我来说都非常重要。,All thats important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. 重要的是你尽力朝正确的方向前进。 Would you like tea or coffee? 你想要茶还是咖啡? Neither,thank you.Ive just had some water. 都不要,谢谢。我刚喝过一些水。 My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop. 我哥哥想买一块好表,但是在那家店里没有一块合适的。,1(2015江苏盐城三模)Of the forces shaping higher education_is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Anothing Bnone Ceither Danything 解析:句意:在影响高等教育发展的各种力量中,没有比出 国留学的影响更广泛的。Anothing没有什么东西; Bnone一点也没有,一个也没有;Ceither两者中的任何 一个;Danything任何东西。根据前面的of短语,可知应用 none。故选B。,B,2Its an eitheror situationwe can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do_ Aothers Beither Canother Dboth 解析:考查代词。句意:这是一种二选一的情况,我们今年要么买一辆新车,要么去度假,但两者不可兼得。空格处表示部分否定,应用not.both,故本题选D。,D,考点五 不定代词other,the other,others,the others,another的用法区别,1(2015高考陕西卷,T13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against _. Aanother Bthe other Cother Deither,B,解析:考查不定代词。句意:为了暖和自己,那个海员坐 在火堆前,两只光脚丫互相蹭着。another另一个,指三者或三者以上中的另外一个; the other另一个,指两者中的另外 一个;other别的,其他的;either表示两者中的任意 一个。 由语境可知,此处表示“另一只赤着的脚”,指“两者中的 另外一个”,故用the other。,2(2014高考福建卷,T21)In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in_,knives and forks. Aanother Bothers Cboth Dall 解析:考查代词辨析。句意:在一些国家里,人们用筷子 吃饭,而在_,人们用刀叉吃饭。another“另一个”,指三者或三者以上中的另一个;others“其他的”,表示 泛指;both两者,两个都;all(三者或三者以上)都。根 据句 中的关键词some countries(一些国家)可知,空格处表示“其他的国家”,所以选择B项(others)。,B,表示“另一个;另一些”,用作泛指,只作定语, 常与复数名词或不可数名词连用,但如果前有any, every等时,则可与单数名词连用,如any other plant,every other day。,表示“两者中的另一个”。常用结构:one.the other.指“一个另一个”。,表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个”,指代或修饰单数可数名词。另外,another后可接“基数词/few复数名词”表示“另外的(多少)”。,泛指别的人或物,可作主语、宾语或表语。 常用结构:some.others.。,特指其余的人或物,可作主语、宾语或表语。 常用结构:some.the others.。,I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face another day like that.昨天一整天我都感觉很糟 糕,所以今天早晨我决定不能像那样面对另一天了。 Ill spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing.我准备把我假日时间的一半用来练习 英语,另一半时间学习绘画。 Some are singing and dancing,some are drawing,others are climbing the hill. 一些人在唱歌跳舞,一些人在画画,还有一些人在爬山。,1(2015浙江宁波二模)Its one thing to send a short message but_to have the person receiving the message actually do something. Aanother Bother Cthe other Dothers 解析:考查代词。 句意:发短信是一回事,而让收到短信的人做某事又是另外一回事.another表示另外一个,故选A项。,A,2Lily was the only person who noticed me coming into the classroom,_ all absorbed in reading. Aothers Bthe other Cthe others Danother 解析:句意:Lily是唯一注意到我进教室的人,所有 其他 人都沉浸在阅读中。从题干可以看出,这里的其他人是指教室里除Lily之外的人,故此处有范围,且表示特指,并且 有 复数,故选C。,C,考点六 不定代词none,nothing,nobody(no one)的用法区别,1(2015高考重庆卷,T2)The meeting will be held in September,but _ knows the date for sure. Aeverybody Bnobody Canybody Dsomebody 解析:考查不定代词。句意:会议将在九月份举行,但是 _知道确切的日期。句中的转折连词but是解题的关键,表明人们现在只知道会议在九月份开,但确切日期不知道。,B,2(2015高考四川卷,T10)Niki is always full of ideas,but _ is useful to my knowledge. Anothing Bno one Cneither Dnone 解析:考查不定代词的用法。句意:尼基点子总是很多,但是据我所知,没有一个是有用的。由前面的full of ideas 可以得知他有“很多点子”,再结合but的转折可知“没有一个有用”,所以此处要用none。,D,既可指人,也可指物,侧重数量,通常指三者或三者以上的人或物,后可接of短语,作主语时谓语动词可以用单数,也可用复数,常用于回答由how much/many提问的疑问句。,只用于指物,且表示泛指概念,常用于回答由what引导的疑问句。,只用于指人,且表示泛指概念,常用于回答由who引导的疑问句,且不可与of短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。,Sophia waited for a reply,but none came. 索菲亚等待答复,但一个都没有。 How many students in your class went to the lecture? 你们班有多少学生去听报告? None. 一个也没有。 Who did you see enter the lonely house? 你看见谁进了那间僻静的房间? Nobody. 没看见一个人。 How much money do you have? 你有多少钱? Nothing. 一点也没有。,部分否定和全部否定:no one,none,nobody, nothing,not.any以及“no名词”都表示全部否定;all, both,everyone/everybody/everything以及“every名词”都表示全部肯定;当not出现在含有全部肯定意义的不定代词的句子中,不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后,都表示部分否定。 Both of them havent read this story. 并非他俩都读过这个故事。 Not all of them smoke.All of them dont smoke. 他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。,1(2015江苏泰州二模)_can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. ANobody BAnybody CSomebody DEverybody 解析:句意:大家都不禁为这个他由科幻故事带入的那个世界所吸引了。cant help but动词原形,“禁不住”。,A,2This project requires close teamwork._ will be achieved unless we work well together. ANothing BAnything CSomething DEverything 解析:考查不定代词。句意:这个项目需要密切的合作,除非我们通力合作,否则一事无成。根据句意可知此处应用表示否定意义的词语,故选A。,A,考点七 介词的用法,1(2015高考浙江卷,T3)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea? Aabout Bto Cwith Dover 解析:考查固定搭配。句意:你听说过是海陆两栖动物栖息 地的树吗?be home to为固定搭配, 意为“是 的 栖 息 地,是的家园”。,B,2(2015高考重庆卷,T10)Last year was the warmest year on record,with global temperature 0.68 _ the average. Abelow Bon Cat Dabove 解析:考查固定搭配与介词用法辨析。句意:去年是有史以来最暖和的一年,全球温度比平均值高出0.68摄氏度 。根 据逗号前面的the warmest year可知,去年的温度应该是在平均值之上的,因此选择D项,above the average在平均值之上; below the average在平均值之下;on the average平均而言,一 般说来;没有at the average这样的搭配。,D,常考介词归纳 1against (表示方位)依靠着;碰,撞;反对;以为背景,衬托;预防 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.看来意见达成一致是不可能的,因为大多数委员会委员都表示反对。 2off (表示位置)在的外面;(表示方向)偏离;从离开 Two miles off the coast,we sailed right into the storm. 在离海岸两英里处,我们迎面遇上了暴风雨。,3by 不迟于;在旁边;到为止;按照,根据;通 过方式;增减的幅度 This one is shorter than that one by three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 4beyond (时间) 过了,比晚,迟于;(位置) 在 另一边,超出之外;(表示程度)为所不及,超 出的范围 No one hopes that the situation between China and Japan is beyond control due to the Diaoyu Islands. 没人希望中日局势因钓鱼岛事件失控。,5with 和在一起;带有,拥有;随着;用工具;就来说;对于,关于;(表示原因)由于,因为 I have an appointment with Dr.Smith,but I need to change it. 我与史密斯医生有约,但是我需要改变一下。 6over 在上方;越过;超过;(表示时间或过程) 在期间 Im sorry I didnt phone you,but Ive been very busy over the past couple of weeks. 很抱歉没给你打电话,可是这几个星期我一直很忙。,7for 为了;代表;因为,由于;对于,关于,在方 面;以为代价;赞成,支持;就而言 Before you pay a visit to a place of interest,look in your local library for a book about it. 在你到某一旅游胜地去浏览之前,先在你当地的图书馆找本 有关的书看看。 The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children. 史密斯夫妇因为养育孩子的方式而受到了赞扬。,1(2015高考福建卷,T22)A common memory they all have _ their school days is the school uniform. Aof Bon Cto Dwith 解析:考查固定搭配中的介词辨析。句意:他们都拥有的有关学校时光的共同记忆是校服。“对的记忆”应用have a memory of表达。故答案为A项。,A,2(2015高考陕西卷,T12)The little pupil took his grandma _ the arm and walked her across the street. Aon Bby Cin Dat 解析:考查固定搭配。句意:那个小学生 搀着他奶 奶的 胳膊,送她过了街道。“take sb.bythe身体部位”为固定搭配,意为“抓住/触及某人的”,故选B项。,B,考点八 介词短语和介词的固定搭配,1(2015高考江苏卷,T34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison. Athanks to Bregardless of Caside from Dbut for 解析:考查介词短语意义辨析。句意:要不 是托 马斯爱 迪生,我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在 。由would 可以看出本句用了虚拟语气,在所给选项中只有but for可以 引出含蓄虚拟条件,故选D项。thanks to由于;regardless of不管;aside from除了之外;but for要不是。,D,2(2014高考浙江卷,T10)While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything _ . Ain return Bin common Cin turn Din place 解析:考查介词短语辨析。句意:在村子里待的那段时间, 詹姆斯无私地同村民分享他所拥有的一切,而不要任何东 西回报。in return“作为回报”;in common“共有,共用”; in turn“相应地,轮流地,反过来,转而”;in place“在 恰当的位置”。由关 键 信息unselfishly shared和without asking for anything可知,此处表示 “不 要 任何东 西作为 回 报(in return)”。,A,1at名词 at sea茫然,在大海上;at will任意地;at work在上班;at lunch在吃午饭;at table在吃饭;at peace处于和平状态 2by名词 by accident偶然地;by chance碰巧;by mistake错误地;by the way顺便说 3beyond名词 beyond description难以形容;beyond words无法用语言形 容;beyond doubt无疑;beyond ones reach够不着,4in名词 in advance在前头,事先,预先;in case如果,万一;in charge主管,看管;in common共有,共同;in demand很需 要;in order按顺序,井然有序,情况良好;in progress进行 中;in return作为回报;in turn依次,转而;in vain徒劳; in shape健康状况良好 5on名词 on purpose故意地;on leave在休假;on holiday在度假;on sale出售;on time准时;on the air正在广播 6under名词 under construction在建设中;under consideration在考虑 中;under repair在修理中,7out of名词 out of breath上气不接下气;out of balance失去平衡;out of date过时;out of patience不耐烦;out of control失去控制; out of touch失去联系 8in名词of in case of如果;in fear of担心,害怕;in honour of为纪 念,对表示敬意;in memory of为纪念;in place of代替;in search of寻找,寻求;in sight of在看得 见的地方;in support of支持,支援;in face of面对; in exchange of 与交换,9其他常考介词短语 in terms of就而言,依据;in view of鉴于,根据;for the sake of为了;on behalf of 代表;apart from除了;in addition to除了;on the basis of 以为基础;regardless of不管; with regard to至于,关于 (2014高考福建卷,单项填空,改编)Our club is open to everyone regardless of age,sex or educational background. 我们的俱乐部对任何人开放,不管年龄、性别或教育背景。 I am always delighted when I receive an email from you.With regard to the party on July 1st,I shall be pleased to attend. 当我收到你的email时,我总是很高兴。至于7月1日的聚 会,我将很乐意参加。,1(2015高考浙江卷,T17)These comments came _ specific questions often asked by local newsmen. Ain memory of Bin response to Cin touch with Din possession of 解析:考查短语意义辨析。句意:这些评论是_当地记者常提出的各种具体问题的。in memory of为 了 纪 念;in response to回答, 响 应;in touch with 与有 联 系;in possession of拥 有, 占 有。 根 据 句子 的 关 键 信 息these comments和specific questions可知,此处表示这些评论是 对 各种具体问题的回答,故选B项。,B,2(2016江苏四市三次调研)I like that bookstore because whenever I buy a book there,they will offer me a book cover_ Afor good measure Bat any cost Cbeyond my reach Don their own 解析:句意:我喜欢那家书店,因为无论何时我在那里买书 时,他们就会_一个书皮.for good measure作为额外 增添;at any cost无论如何,在任何情况下;beyond my reach我够不到;on their own独自,单独。故选A。,A,
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