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专题三 议论文,【文体攻略】 议论文是一种剖析事理、论述事物、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。议论文的目的不仅是客观地解释事物,还力图说服读者相信并接受某一观点。 议论文是高考完形填空题中较难的一种体裁,它一般由三个要素组成:论点、论据和结论。做好这类题的关键在于要抓住作者的论点。 议论文中对于论点的提出通常有三种形式: 1.开门见山,直接提出论点 在有些议论文中作者开头就提出论点,通过论证,最后提出自己的看法,或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。一般来说,这种形式的议论文,作者态度明确,我们也能很容易地把握作者对某一件事的看法。 2.导入式提出论点 在有些议论文中作者并不是直接提出自己的观点,而是通过对某一现象的论述来赞扬或批评某一事物,进而提出自己的观点,然后再用具体的论据去证明自己的观点。,3.水到渠成式得出结论 在有些议论文中作者开头只是列举一系列生活中的现象,而不是表明自己的观点,通过对具体现象的分析,最后自然得出结论,而此结论就是文章的论点。 议论文形式的完形填空不像记叙文形式的完形填空那么有情景。因此,我们对整个文章的把握相对来说也难得多。解答这类题要遵循下列原则: 1.从首尾句入手,抓住中心 议论文的写作思路一般为:提出问题分析问题解决问题。因此,文章的第一、二句话通常为文章的主题句,而文章的结尾句常为文章的结论。由此可见,我们必须充分利用文章的首尾句,推测出文章的中心,从而理解全文。,2.紧扣信息词,把握作者观点 考生要弄清文章的行文逻辑,如转折关系、因果关系、递进关系、对比关系、让步关系、指代关系等。有时文章的第一、二段并不是作者的观点,而是对某个事物的介绍或描述,然后用信息词,如but,however,yet等将自己的观点引出,因此,阅读时一定要特别留意这些信息词。 3.从语境入手,确定逻辑关系 句与句之间总要反映出因果、假设、条件、类推等逻辑关系。这些逻辑关系常常通过on the one hand,on the other hand,as a result,as a consequence,on the contrary,above all,first of all,secondly,finally,in case等单词或短语表达出来。但有时作者并不使用这些单词或短语,而是将逻辑关系暗含于文章中,这就需要考生根据语境来确定逻辑关系。,4.理清文章的论点、论据和结论 如果我们连论点、论据、结论都没把握住的话,只能是漫无目的地选择答案了。一般说来,能说明论点的答案可以在论据里得到印证,且作为论点的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来,使论点与论据相辅相成,从而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾,论点与论据相悖,最后的结论与论点自相矛盾,那就说明我们对文章的把握缺乏条理性和系统性,我们就需重新来理顺文章的各部分,直到条理清楚为止,然后再根据自己对文章的把握及各部分的逻辑关系选出答案。,【典例示范】,(2015福建卷) One of the easiest things in the world is to become a fault-finder.However,life can be 36 when you are not busy finding fault with it. Several years ago I 37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry,who described herself as a world-class fault-finder,almost always 38 by things.People were always doing things that annoyed her,and 39 was ever good enough.She was highly self-critical and also found fault with her friends.She became a really 40 person.,Unfortunately,it took a horrible accident to change her 41 .Her best friend was seriously hurt in a car crash.What made it almost 42 to deal with was that the day before the 43 ,Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her 44 of boyfriends,the way she was living,the way she related to her mother,and various other things she felt she needed to 45 .It wasnt until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became 46 her habit of finding fault.Very quickly,she learned to appreciate life rather than to 47 everything so harshly(刻薄).She was able to transfer her new wisdom to other parts of her 48 as well. Perhaps most of us arent extreme at fault-finding, 49 when were honest,we can be sharply 50 of the world.Im not suggesting you 51 problems,or that you pretend things are 52 than they are,but simply that you learn to allow things to be as they are 53 most of the time,and especially when its not a really big 54 .,Train yourself to “bite your tongue”,and with a little 55 ,youll get really good at letting things go.And when you do,youll get back your enthusiasm and love for life. 36.A.lonely B.great C.quiet D.uneasy 37.A.received B.answered C.expected D.rejected 38.A.threatened B.interrupted C.bothered D.spoiled 39.A.anything B.everything C.something D.nothing 40.A.caring B.boring C.interesting D.surprising 41.A.attitude B.plan C.measure D.explanation 42.A.urgent B.unnecessary C.certain D.impossible 43.A.occasion B.event C.accident D.adventure 44.A.memory B.notice C.evidence D.choice 45.A.hear B.contribute C.express D.admit 46.A.aware of B.afraid of C.curious about D.confused about,47.A.discuss B.realize C.judge D.settle 48.A.family B.life C.career D.education 49.A.so B.or C.but D.for 50.A.proud B.sure C.hopeful D.critical 51.A.face B.create C.solve D.ignore 52.A.rarer B.better C.stranger D.worse 53.A.at least B.at last C.by far D.so far 54.A.task B.deal C.result D.duty 55.A.practice B.speech C.rest D.pity,【语篇导读】本文为议论文。作者首先提出了生活中很多人喜欢吹毛求疵这个问题,然后通过一个具体的事例说明吹毛求疵这个习惯的危害,接下来作者表明自己的态度和看法,最后给出建议,告诉读者,顺其自然,生活会更美好。 36.B 该句与文章最后一句互相照应。根据句首的however一词可知,此处表示如果你不是一个总忙着吹毛求疵的人,那么生活可以很美好。 37.A 根据后面的定语从句“who described herself.”可知,此处说明,作者在几年前收到了一封信。 38.C 根据下文的句子“People were always doing things that annoyed her.”可知,这位17岁的女孩是一个吹毛求疵的人,周围的小事总是令她感觉烦扰。 39.D 根据上文的内容可知,因为Kerry是一个凡事过分挑剔的人,她对一切总是感觉不满意,所以在她眼里没有什么东西是足够好的。,40.B 根据上文内容可知,Kerry不但对自己苛刻,而且对朋友们也十分挑剔,结合常识可知,久而久之,她成为一个令人讨厌的人。 41.A 根据第三段的最后两句内容可知,Kerry最终改变了自己的态度,遗憾的是,她的改变源自于一件不幸的事情。 42.D 根据下文内容可知,事情难以忍受的地方在于就在事故发生之前的那天,Kerry刚好去拜访了她的这位朋友,并对朋友进行了一番批评。impossible在此处意为“难以忍受的,无希望的”。 43.C 根据该段的第一句内容可知,此处指的就是那个可怕的意外事故。 44.D Kerry在拜访朋友的过程中一直在批评对方,包括其对男朋友的选择、生活方式等等。其他名词不符合语境。,45.C 根据整个句子的内容可知,Kerry把自己想要表达的想法统统说了出来,一点儿也不考虑对方的感受。 46.A 根据下面两句话的内容可知,Kerry在朋友受伤之后才开始意识到自己爱挑剔的习惯有多么糟糕。become aware of “开始意识到”。 47.C 很快,Kerry改变了态度,她学会了感激人生而不是对一切进行刻薄的评判。discuss“讨论”;realize“意识到”;settle“解决”,均不符合语境。 48.B Kerry意识到了自己的问题所在,她积极进行改正,并把她的新的智慧迁移到人生的其他方面。前面一句出现的life一词是提示信息。此外,文章第一段和最后一段也分别出现了life一词。 49.C 前后两句在内容上构成转折关系,所以用but一词连接。或许我们大多数人都不是极端挑剔的人,但是当我们坦诚(看待事物)时,我们可能对这个世界极为挑剔和不满。 50.D be critical of是固定搭配,意为“对批评或不满”,符合语境。 51.D 根据下文or后面的句子可知,作者并不是建议人们忽视问题的存在。,52.B 作者既不是让人们忽视问题的存在也不是让人们假装认为事情比本来的样子要好,只是希望人们学会接受事情本来的样子。 53.A 破折号后面的句子对前面的内容进行了补充,说明作者希望至少大多数时候,特别是面对不是很大的事情的时候,人们不要过于苛刻和挑剔。 54.B a big deal在此处意为“重要事件;大事”,作者希望人们不必小题大做,事事苛责。 55.A 作者在文章最后提出建议:训练自己“闭嘴,忍住不说”,经过一段时间的练习,你就会习惯于顺其自然。 【文章结构】,A,B,A (2015浙江卷) Since finishing my studies at Harvard and Oxford,Ive watched one friend after another land high-ranking,high-paying Wall Street jobs.As executives(高级管理人员)with banks,consulting firms,established law firms,and major corporations,many are now 1 on their way to impressive careers.,1.A.much B.never C.seldom D.well 解析:作者的朋友们接受过高等教育,算是社会的精英分子,他们在各大公司做得风生水起,完全处于通往令人赞叹的职业生涯的途中。well此处表示程度,意为“完全地,彻底地”。 答案:D,A,B,By societys 2 ,they seem to have it made. On the surface,these people seem to be very lucky in life.As they left student life behind,many had a 3 drink at their cheap but friendly local bar,2.A.policies B.standards C.experiments D.regulations 解析:作者的这些朋友,依照社会的标准来衡量,似乎很容易获取成功。句中的have it made意为“有成功的把握,很容易办到”。 答案:B 3.A.last B.least C.second D.best 解析:根据下文内容可知,因为这些人获得了成功,他们不可能再去那些低档次的地方消费,所以他们在廉价但气氛友好的当地酒吧最后一次喝酒。 答案:A,A,B,shook hands with longtime roommates,and 4 out of small apartments into high buildings.They made reservations at restaurants where the cost of a bottle of wine 5 a college years monthly rent.They replaced their beloved old cars with expensive new sports cars.,4.A.cycled B.movedC.slid D.looked 解析:move out of意为“脱离,摆脱”,此处指的是作者的这些朋友从小的公寓里搬出来,住进了高楼里。 答案:B 5.A.shared B.paid C.equaled D.collected 解析:此处描述朋友们奢侈的生活方式,他们预订座位的饭店饭菜昂贵,一瓶酒的价格等同于大学里一个月的房租。 答案:C,A,B,The thing is,a number of them have 6 that despite their success,they arent happy.Some 7 of unfriendly coworkers and feel sad for eight-hour workweeks devoted to tasks they 8 .,6.A.advertised B.witnessed C.admitted D.demanded 解析:问题是,他们中的一些人承认,虽然他们成功了,但是他们并不快乐。 答案:C 7.A.complain B.dream C.hear D.approve 解析:complain of是固定短语,意为“抱怨”,他们抱怨同事们不友好。 答案:A 8.A.distribute B.hate C.applaud D.neglect 解析:根据前面的feel sad for可知,这些工作是他们不喜欢做的,所以他们对一天八小时的工作感到烦恼。 答案:B,A,B,Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and 9 .However,instead of devoting themselves to their work,they find themselves working to support the 10 to,9.A.calm B.guilty C.warm D.empty 解析:此处继续描述那些成功人士的烦恼,一些人不尊重他们效力的公司,说自己感到厌倦和空虚。 答案:D 10.A.family B.government C.lifestyle D.project 解析:然而,这些人不是全身心地投入工作,他们发觉自己工作的目的只是为了维持那种他们很快就习惯了的生活方式。 答案:C,A,B,which they have so quickly become 11 . People often speak of trying a more satisfying path,and 12 in the end the idea of leaving their jobs to,11.A.accustomed B.appointed C.unique D.available 解析:分析句子结构,to which they have so quickly become accustomed是定语从句,修饰lifestyle。become accustomed to是固定短语,意为“习惯于,对变得习以为常”。 答案:A 12.A.yet B.also C.instead D.rather 解析:人们经常说尝试一种更令人满意的道路,可是最终,人们只是说说而已,没有人真的舍弃一切,改变固有的生活模式。yet 意为“可是”。 答案:A,A,B,work for something they 13 or finding a position that would give them more time with their families almost always leads them to the same conclusion:its 14 .,13.A.let out B.turn in C.give up D.believe in 解析:有些人想过放弃自己的工作去为他们信仰的某些事情而工作,或者找到一个让他们有更多时间陪伴家人的职位。 答案:D 14.A.fundamental B.practical C.impossible D.unforgettable 解析:上述的内容只是停留在很多人的想象中,最终,他们得出相同的结论:这是不可能的事情。 答案:C,A,B,They have loans,bills,a mortgage(抵押贷款) to 15 ,retirement to save for.They recognize theres something 16 in their lives,15.A.take off B.drop off C.put off D.pay off 解析:人们的美好想法最终败给了现实:他们需要支付贷款、账单,他们要付清抵押贷款,他们要为退休后的生活攒钱。 答案:D 16.A.missing B.inspiring C.sinking D.shining 解析:他们意识到在生活中某些东西失去了,但是脱离原有的生活轨道是很难的事情。 答案:A,A,B,but its 17 to step off the track. In a society that tends to 18 everything in terms of dollars and cents,17.A.harmful B.hard C.useful D.normal 解析:根据上文内容可知,现实生活中的人们,总是为生计所累,不可能说走就走,说离开就离开,所以脱离原有的生活轨道是不容易做到的。 答案:B 18.A.measure B.suffer C.digest D.deliver 解析:我们现在生活的社会是以金钱来衡量一切的,所以我们从很小的时候就学会了从金钱的角度去考虑我们做出的决定的经济成本。 答案:A,A,B,we learn from a young age to consider the costs of our 19 in financial terms.But what about the personal and social costs 20 in pursuing money over meaning?These are exactly the kinds of costs many of us tend to ignoreand the very ones we need to consider most.,【语篇导读】本文为议论文。作者周围的很多朋友事业有成,生活奢侈,外表光鲜亮丽,但是他们并不快乐。他们在内心里希望改变自己,开始新的人生,但是迫于生活的压力,或者说由于觉得不合算,他们只能得过且过,无聊空虚地打发时光。,A,B,19.A.disasters B.motivations C.campaigns D.decisions 解析:根据上文内容可知,很多人之所以放弃自己的决定,就是觉得不合算,这个“合算”当然是从金钱的角度来衡量的。 答案:D 20.A.assessed B.involved C.covered D.reduced 解析:involved in作后置定语,修饰costs,意为“卷入,涉及”。作者反问:卷入到金钱至上中的个人成本和社会成本怎么计算呢? 答案:B,A,B,B (2015安徽卷) In our modern world,when something wears out,we throw it away and buy a new one.The 1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.,1.A.key B.reason C.project D.problem 解析:表语从句是对空格中所填词的解释。从下句可知,人们扔掉的垃圾越来越多,这是个问题。因此用problem符合句意。 答案:D 2.A.gifts B.rubbishC.debt D.products 解析:mountains of意思是“堆成山的,太多的”。从本句后文的“throwing out more rubbish than ever before”可知答案。 答案:B,A,B,How did we 3 a throwaway society?First of all,it is now easier to 4 an object than to spend time and money to repair it.,3.A.face B.become C.observe D.change 解析:本段以设问开头,随后介绍了这个“用完就扔的社会”形成的过程,故填become正确。face“面对”,与二、三两段内容不符。 答案:B 4.A.hide B.control C.replace D.withdraw 解析:用完了随手扔掉,用replace“替代,取代”符合句意。从本句可知,这比花钱修复要便宜得多。 答案:C,A,B,5 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology,companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and 6 .,5.A.Thanks to B.As to C.Except for D.Regardless of 解析:句意:公司生产新产品的速度快、成本低,这得益于现代制造业和科技的发展。由句意可知,前后两个半句为因果关系,thanks to“多亏;由于”,表示原因,符合句意。as to“至于”;except for“除了”;regardless of “不顾”,都不符合句意,故选A项。 答案:A 6.A.safe B.funny C.cheap D.powerful 解析:从上句的“inexpensively”可知,产品丰富并且便宜,因此用cheap。 答案:C,A,B,Another cause is our 7 of disposable(一次性的) products.As 8 people,7.A.love B.lack C.prevention D.division 解析:从目前的状况可知,我们大部分人喜爱一次性产品,因此用love。lack“缺乏”;prevention“预防;阻止”;division“区分”,均与句意不符。 答案:A 8.A.sensitive B.kind C.brave D.busy 解析:从后文的“to save time”可知,人们很忙碌。sensitive“敏感的”;kind“善良的”;brave“勇敢的”,都与句意不符,故选D项。 答案:D,A,B,we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier.Companies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products:paper plates,plastic cups,and cameras,to name a few.,9.A.ways B.places C.jobs D.friends 解析:因为人们很忙,所以他们寻找节省时间的办法。way“办法”,符合句意。place“地方”;job“工作”;friend“朋友”,均与句意不符。 答案:A 10.A.donate B.receive C.produce D.preserve 解析:本句主语为companies“公司”,和宾语thousands of different kinds of disposable products“成千上万不同种类的一次性产品”是主谓关系,再根据句意可知,只能用produce“生产”。 答案:C,A,B,Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem.We are 12 buying new things.,11.A.adapts B.returns C.responds D.contributes 解析:句意:我们对新产品的喜爱也让这个问题更加严重。contribute to为固定搭配,意思是“导致;加剧”。 答案:D 12.A.tired of B.addicted to C.worried about D.ashamed for 解析:从上句可知,人们喜欢新产品。本空所在句句意为我们热衷于购买新产品。be addicted to“沉迷于;上瘾”。 答案:B,A,B,Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we 14 useful possessions to make room for new ones.,13.A.newer B.stronger C.higher D.larger 解析:从本段前两句可知,这一段的话题是谈论新产品,用newer正确。与产品的其他属性无关,因此不用stronger,higher或larger。 答案:A 14.A.pick up B.pay for C.hold onto D.throw away 解析:由于购买太多的新产品,我们会把旧的东西“扔掉”,为新产品腾出空间。因此选throw away。 答案:D,A,B,All around the world,we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle.Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.To 16 the amount of rubbish and,15.A.advantages B.purposes C.functions D.consequences 解析:这一句是本段的主题句。下面的几句围绕其展开。下一句“Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.”就是这个“用完就扔的生活方式”带来的后果。consequence意思是“结果,后果”,符合句意。 答案:D 16.A.show B.record C.decrease D.measure 解析:面对大量的垃圾,政府的处理目标是减少它们,让人们少扔垃圾。decrease“减少”,符合句意。show“展示”;record“记录”;measure“测量”。 答案:C,A,B,to protect the 17 ,more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 18 ,this is not enough to solve(解决) our problem.,17.A.technology B.environment C.consumers D.brands 解析:从上句可知,减少垃圾的目的是保护环境,protect 的宾语应该是environment。 答案:B 18.A.However B.Otherwise C.Therefore D.Meanwhile 解析:虽然政府采取了一些措施,但是这仍然不够。从“this is not enough”可知,前后为转折关系,用however。 答案:A,A,B,Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 19 throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 .Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment. 【语篇导读】本文为议论文。由于人们对新事物的热衷,我们偏爱一次性用品,进入到了一个“用完就扔的社会”。为了节约资源、保护环境,我们得重新审视一下我们的消费观念,改变我们的生活方式。,A,B,19.A.by B.in favour of C.after D.instead of 解析:这一句首尾呼应,回到了本文的话题。我们可以修复原来的东西,而不是扔掉它们。instead of“而不是”。 答案:D 20.A.spending B.collecting C.repairing D.advertising 解析:从下一句的“changing our spending habits”可知,作者建议我们重新考虑我们的消费观念。故选A项。 答案:A,
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