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专题十二 句子成分,考向分析 句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等,虽然高考没有对其进行直接考查,但是句子成分对于判断考点和确定答案有非常大的帮助。例如,在语法填空题中,提示词是动词,空格处在句中作目的状语,且与主语是主动关系,则答案为不定式。,考点清单 一、主语 单句填空 1.Many people who/that live along the coast make a living in fishing industry. 答案 who/that 句意:许多住在海边的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。分析题干可知,“ live along the coast”为定语从句,先行词指人,且关系词在从句中作主语,故用关系代词who/that作为定语从句的引导词。,语境运用,2.The disappearance (disappear) of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. 答案 disappearance 句意:恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起 的。空格处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知,空格处填名词disap- pearance。 单句改错 3.(2017课标全国)Have enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. HaveHaving 答案 HaveHaving 该句中will之前是句子的主语,而动词原形不可 作主语,故Have改为动名词形式。,主语相当于句子的话题或主题,即要说明的人或物。能用来作主语的有名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句等。如: 1.My pen is green. 我的钢笔是绿色的。(名词作主语) The rich are not always happy.富人也不总是开心的。(“the+形容词”表示一类人,相当于名词) 2.Her pen is blue, and mine is red.她的钢笔是蓝色的,我的是红色的。 (名词性物主代词作主语) These are my books. 这些是我的书。(指示代词作主语) Who is absent today? 今天谁迟到了?(疑问代词作主语) Is anything wrong with your umbrella?你的伞有毛病吗? (不定代词作主语),用法精讲,3.Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多对你的身体有害。(动名词作主语) Taking a walk is much better than staying at home. 散步比待在家里要好得 多。(动名词短语作主语) 4.To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式作主语) It will take him 3 hours to go to the station on foot.他步行去车站需要3个小时。(it作形式主语,动词不定式短语作真正的主语) 5.What the teacher said yesterday is important.昨天老师讲的很重要。(从句作主语),二、谓语 单句填空 1.In the 1950s in the USA, most families had (have) just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadnt been invented yet. 答案 had 句意:在美国20世纪50年代,多数家庭只有一部电话,无线电 话还没有发明出来。空格处在句中作谓语,结合句首的时间状语In the 1950s和语境可知,空格处应用一般过去时态。故空格处填had。 2.It suddenly occurred to him that he had left (leave) his keys in the office. 答案 had left 句意:他突然想到他把钥匙落在办公室了。空格处在句中作谓语,且动作发生在occurred之前,因此空格处应使用过去完成时态。故空格处填had left。,语境运用,单句改错 3.I found the test difficult, but I tried hard to do it; suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers. askingasked 答案 askingasked “my best friend”是分号后句子的主语Mary的同位语,之后第一个词是句子的谓语动词,而现在分词或动名词不可作谓语,因此asking使用错误,由此结合前两句话的时态可知用asked。,句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分叫谓语。谓语一般位于主语之后,谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词,它有时态、语态和语气的变化,并受主语人称和数的影响。 谓语动词分类 (1)行为动词(或实义动词)具有明确的动作意义。行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词,不及物动词本身词义完整,可以独立作谓语,而及物动词本身词义不完整,必须后跟宾语。 I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。(believe为及物动词,后加that引导的宾语从句,宾语从句中consider为及物动词,后加our suggestion作宾语),用法精讲,How time flies! 时间过得真快呀!(fly为不及物动词) (2)系动词(或连系动词)起连接主语和表语的作用,本身有一定的词义,它和实义动词一样有时态的变化,也受主语的人称和数的影响。 It was late at night when we finally arrived.我们最后到达时已是深夜。 Was there a pool at the hotel?宾馆里有游泳池吗? The dish tastes good.这盘菜尝起来很好。(taste为系动词,后加形容词作表语) Gong Yues voice sounds so sweet.龚玥的嗓音听起来真甜。(sound为系动词,后加形容词sweet作表语),(3)助动词可以协助主要动词构成不同的时态或语态,也可帮助主要动词构成疑问句、否定句或强调句。常见的助动词有be(am/is/are/was/were)、do (does/did)、have(has/had)、will。 We are running in the playground.我们正在操场上跑步。(are帮助现在分词 running构成现在进行时) The flowers are often watered by me.我经常给这些花儿浇水。(are帮助过去分词watered构成被动语态) He doesnt get up early every day.他并非每天起床都很早。(does帮助get up构成一般现在时的否定式) He does work very hard.他工作的确十分努力。(does帮助行为动词work构成强调句),Do you want to pass the exam?你想通过考试吗?(do帮助want构成疑问句) By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.到上月末为止,他们已经完成一半的工作了。(had帮助过去分词finished构成过去完成时) He will come here tomorrow.他明天将来这里。(will帮助come构成一般将来时),三、表语 单句填空 1.I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain). 答案 painful 分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作表语,因此空格处 应用提示词的形容词形式。故空格处填painful。 2.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was that it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 答案 that 分析句子成分可知,was之后是表语从句,在从句中不缺少成分,且句意完整,因此应用that作为引导词。,语境运用,单句改错 3.The teachers here are kind and helpfully; they are not only our teachers but also our friends. helpfullyhelpful 答案 helpfullyhelpful 在题干中,表语形容词kind与and之后的词是并列关系,因此helpfully应该改为形容词形式。故helpfully改为helpful。 表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、(动作)方向或处所等。表语需位于系动词之后。可以作表语的有名词、代 词、形容词、动词不定式、分词、动名词以及从句(表语从句)等。,用法精讲,Five years later, he became an engineer.五年后,他成了一名工程师。(名词作表语) This is my dictionary. That is yours.这是我的词典,那本是你的。(代词作表语) We must keep healthy. 我们必须保持健康。(形容词作表语) My aim is to become a doctor.我的目标是成为一名医生。(不定式作表语) My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英文。(动名词短语作表语) The movie is quite moving.这部电影非常感人。(现在分词作表语) Thats why I want to stay here. 那就是我想待在这里的原因。(表语从句 作表语),四、宾语 单句填空 1.Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make (make) a new life for herself. 答案 to make wish之后接不定式作宾语。故空格处填不定式to make。 2.Keep holding (hold) your position for a while. 答案 holding 该句中Keep之后需要接动名词作宾语。故空格处填 holding。,语境运用,单句改错 3.Thank you so much for not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person. teachteaching 答案 teachteaching 分析句子结构可知,“not only.but also.”所连接的内容在句中作介词for的宾语,因此teach使用错误,应使用动名词形式。故 teach改为teaching。,表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语,即宾语是动作的承受者。英语中,及物动词(或相当于及物动词的动词短语)、介词须带宾语。可以充当宾语的有名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句(宾语从句)等。 I am reading a book. 我在看书。(名词作动词的宾语) Im going to Beijing with my father.我计划和我父亲去北京。(名词作介词的宾语) Yesterday, Toms mother looked after him at home.昨天汤姆的妈妈在家 照顾他了。(代词作动词短语的宾语) What would you like? 你想要什么?(疑问代词作动词like的宾语),用法精讲,Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. 昨天我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。(代词me和名词bike分别作动词buy的间接宾语和直接宾语) We got lost and couldnt find each other.我们迷路了,彼此找不到对方了。 (相互代词作动词find的宾语) I like to play basketball. 我喜欢打篮球。(不定式作动词的宾语) I think it impossible to climb the mountain. 我认为不可能爬上那座山。(it作形式宾语,动词不定式短语作真正的宾语) I enjoy listening to music very much.我非常喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作动词enjoy的宾语),五、补足语 单句填空 1.Many airlines now allow passengers to print (print) their boarding passes online to save their valuable time. 答案 to print 句意:现在,许多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机证 以节省他们宝贵的时间。空格处在句中作宾语补足语,而allow之后接 不定式作宾补,故空格处填to print。,语境运用,2.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man sitting (sit) at the front. 答案 sitting 分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作宾语补足语,且与宾语 man之间是逻辑上的主动关系,动作正在进行中,由此结合“notice sb./sth. doing”可知,空格处应填sitting。 3.The aim of education is to teach young people to think (think) for themselves and not follow others blindly. 答案 to think 句意:教育的目地是教会年轻人去自我思考,而不是盲目地跟从别人。空格处在句中作宾语补足语,而teach之后接不定式作宾补,故填to think。,单句改错 4.Hope you good health and much happiness every day! HopeWish 答案 HopeWish good health and much happiness在句中作宾语补足语,动词hope之后不可接宾语补足语,而wish有此用法,因此句首的Hope使用错误。故Hope改为Wish。 在英语中,需在一些及物动词的宾语后加上一个补足语,对其作进一步补充说明,意思才够完整和明确,该补足语被称为宾语补足语。能作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式和分词(现在分词、过去分词)等。如:,用法精讲,We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室干净。(形容词作 宾补) We call the bird Polly.我们叫那只鸟波利。(名词作宾补) Our teacher told us to play outside. 我们老师让我们在外面玩。(动词不定式短语作宾补) I saw Jack playing under a tree. 我看到杰克在树下玩耍。(现在分词短语作宾补) My father made me stay at home last night.昨晚我父亲让我待在家里。 (不带to的不定式作宾补) I was seen to come back today by Tom.今天我被汤姆看到回来了。(不定式作主语补足语),六、定语 单句填空 1.Although birds use their (they) feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes. 答案 their 句意:虽然鸟类的羽毛是用来飞行的,但是它们的羽毛也 有其他用途。空格处在句中作名词的定语,故空格处填形容词性物主代 词their。 2.“That would be a very reasonable (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said. 答案 reasonable 空格处作名词thing的定语,因此应用提示词的形容 词形式。故填reasonable。,语境运用,单句改错 3.We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake. oursour 答案 oursour fishing poles之前的物主代词作定语,而ours是名词性物主代词,常用于作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,因此ours使用错误,应使用形容词性物主代词。故ours改为our。 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子叫定语。英语中的定语可以前置,也可以后置。独立的单词作定语时,习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;短语或定语从句作定语时,应放在被修饰的词后面,作后置定语。能作定语的有形容词、名词、分词(短语)、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语以及定语从句等。,用法精讲,The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.那幅美丽的画是一位著名的艺术家画的。(形容词作定语) The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.那些苹果树是3年前种的。(名词作定语) The boy under the tree is Jack. 树下的那个男孩儿是杰克。(介词短语作后置定语) The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. 被毁掉的那座桥是去年冬天重建的。(过去分词作定语) I know a boy called Tom.我认识一个名叫汤姆的男孩儿。(过去分词短语作后置定语),The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. 那些飞翔的鸟儿正向南方飞去,因为冬天快到了。(现在分词作定语) The car running in the playground is my uncles.在操场上奔驰的那辆汽车是我叔叔的。(现在分词短语作后置定语) At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.最后我们没有任何吃的了,只剩下一点儿水。(动词不定式作后置定语) I often go to the reading room in the evening.我经常在晚上去阅览室。(动名词作定语) I know the two boys who broke the window yesterday.我认识昨天打坏玻璃的那两个男孩子。(定语从句),七、状语 单句填空 1.I was driving down to London when I suddenly (sudden) found that I was on the wrong road. 答案 suddenly 空格处在句中作状语,因此空格处应用提示词的副词形式。故空格处填写suddenly。 2.(2017课标全国)She has turned down several invitations to star at shows to concentrate (concentrate) on her studies. 答案 to concentrate 句意:为了专注于她的学业,她拒绝了几次在节目 中出演主角的邀请。shows之后为非谓语动词短语在句中作目的状语, 且与主语是主动关系,故空格处填不定式to concentrate。,语境运用,3.I got to the office earlier that day, having caught (catch) the 7:30 train from Paddington. 答案 having caught 逗号之后为非谓语动词短语作原因状语,空格处与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,且动作已经完成,因此现在分词的完成式having caught符合题意。 单句改错 4.I dont believe what you said, but because you can prove it, you may be able to convince me. becauseif 答案 becauseif 句意:我不相信你说的话,但是如果你能够对此证明,你也许能够说服我。两个逗号之间为条件状语从句,结合语境可知,because应改为if。,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句(状语从句)叫状 语。状语在句中可以表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让 步、程度、方式、比较、方向以及伴随状况等。能作状语的有副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式及状语从句等。如: He plays the guitar well. 他吉他弹得很好。(副词作状语) Luckily, he didnt hurt himself.幸运的是,他没伤到自己。(副词作状语) He works hard to earn money.他努力工作挣钱。(不定式作状语) If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨,我们就待在家 里。(从句作状语),用法精讲,八、同位语 单句填空 1.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else in the sports field. 答案 that belief后面是同位语从句,从句句意完整,不缺少成分,故用that作为引导词。 2.News came from the school office that Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. 答案 that office之后是News的同位语从句,从句中不缺少成分,故that 符合题意。,语境运用,单句改错 3.There was Uncle Chen, gentleman living near my house, who was a very famous writer. gentlemana 答案 gentlemana gentleman是Uncle Chen的同位语,根据语境可知, gentleman在句中表示泛指,因此之前应用不定冠词。故在gentleman之前添加冠词a。 4.Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend. isare 答案 isare you是宾语从句的主语,而“dear diary”是you的同位语,因此句中的is使用错误,需要与主语you保持一致。故is改为are。,所谓同位语,是指跟在某些名词的后面,对前者作进一步的解释、说明、补充和概括的句子成分。常用来作同位语的有名词、数词、不定代词(each, both, all)、从句等。 The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money.那个最小的男孩彼得拒绝接受那笔钱。(名词作同位语) We four were greatly touched to hear the old mans story. 听了老人的故事,我们四个都很受感动。(数词作同位语) They each have a dictionary.他们每人都有一本词典。(each作同位语) We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我们正 在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。(从句作同位语),用法精讲,技巧点拨 对于语法填空和短文改错这两种题型来说,句子成分的应用非常广泛,可根据相关知识判断考查点种类并敲定答案。例如,当从句在句中作定语时,那么该从句就是定语从句,考查点就是引导词的分析判断;如果先行词指物,且关系词在从句中作主语时,那么正确答案为which/that。再如,在语法填空题中,当提示词是形容词,且空格处在句中作状语,用于修饰形容词、副词或动词时,那么正确答案就是该形容词的副词形式。,
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